Comparison of exogenous degrader-enhanced bioremediation with low-dose persulfate oxidation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal in alkaline soil: efficiency and influence on ecological health

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1733-x

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (11) : 133 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1733-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Comparison of exogenous degrader-enhanced bioremediation with low-dose persulfate oxidation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal in alkaline soil: efficiency and influence on ecological health

Zhuoyue Yang^1,², Zuotao Zhang², Yiwei Zuo³, Jing Zhang¹, Panyue Zhang¹(

)

¹. Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100091, China
². School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. Beijing 101 Middle School, Beijing 100091, China

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Abstract

● Bioaugmentation and low-dose persulfate were effective in degrading PAHs.

● Indigenous microorganisms participated in the degradation process.

● Low-dose persulfate oxidation made a high activated phosphorus content.

● Low microbial species diversity made microbial system weak in BA system.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils are usually complex and characterized by a lack of nutrition and soil salinization, resulting in difficulties in soil remediation. In this study, bioaugmentation with a PAH-degrading Bacillus PheN7 (BA) and low-dose persulfate oxidation (PS), along with natural biodegradation, were utilized to remediate alkaline PAH-contaminated soil. The soil used in the study had a pH of 9.35, and the total PAH content was 568.8 ± 31.0 mg/kg dry soil. After 42 d of remediation, the degradation efficiency of PAHs was 96.72% and 93.88% using persulfate oxidation and bioaugmentation, respectively, whereas 38.66% of PAHs were degraded in natural attenuation (NA). Bacillus was the dominant genera throughout the process of bioremediation with the relative abundance of 79.3% on day 42 in the BA system, whereas, Alcanivorax was enriched and became the dominant genera in PS systems. In the meantime, PAH degradation genes were detected with remarkably higher level in the BA system than in PS system during the remediation. In addition to the degradation of contaminants, persulfate oxidation promotes microbial bioremediation efficiency mainly by lowering the pH to neutral and increasing the active phosphorus content in the soil. Microbial species and ecological niches were less reduced in the PS system than in the BA system. Collectively, persulfate oxidation had a better impact on the soil microbiome and is more suitable for long-term soil health than bioaugmentation through PheN7 addition.

Keywords Bioaugmentation Low-dose persulfate oxidation Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Remediation

Corresponding Author(s): Panyue Zhang

About author:

^* These authors contributed equally to this work.

Just Accepted Date: 30 May 2023 Issue Date: 15 November 2023

Cite this article:

Zhuoyue Yang,Zuotao Zhang,Yiwei Zuo, et al. Comparison of exogenous degrader-enhanced bioremediation with low-dose persulfate oxidation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal in alkaline soil: efficiency and influence on ecological health[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(11): 133.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1733-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I11/133

Tab.1 Characteristics of the experimental soil

Fig.1 Total content of PAHs remaining in the soil (BA: bioaugmentation system; PS: persulfate oxidation system; NA: natural attenuation system).

Fig.2 Individual PAH degradation in the soil during incubations of 42 d. (a) Acenaphthylene; (b) pyrene; (c) benzo(b)fluoranthene; (d) benzo(a)pyrene; (e) dibenz(a,h)anthracene; (f) indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.

Fig.3 Relative abundance of genera of the bacterial community in the BA, PS, and NA systems.

Fig.4 (a) Redundancy analysis (RDA) with a distance-based linear model and forward selection procedure to identify environmental parameters influencing bacterial communities. The environmental parameters were related to microbial community divergence, soil pH, total soil organic (TOC), TN, NH₄⁺, total soil C:N ratio (C/N), SO₄^2? content, and active phosphate content. (b) pH, (c) cell numbers, and (d) content of activated phosphorous in different treatment systems.

Fig.5 Absolute abundance of functional genes in different systems. The absolute abundance of functional genes in the BA and PS systems was compared with that in the NA system. Absolute abundance is the number of genes in the BA and PS systems minus the number of genes in the NA system. alkB: alkane 1-monooxygenase, nahA: naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase ferredoxin component, bubiD: 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate decarboxylase, nahB: cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene/dibenzothiophene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, nahC: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase, nahD: 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase, nahE: trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase-aldolase, catA: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catE: catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, sir: sulfite reductase (ferredoxin), cheR: chemotaxis protein methyltransferase, gcd: quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase, phoA: alkaline phosphatase, phoD: alkaline phosphatase D, ugpQ: glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, Pst: polysaccharide transporter, nirS: nitrite reductase (NO-forming).

Tab.2 Microbial diversity indices in the BA, PS and NA systems

Fig.6 Niche width of the BA, PS, and NA systems.

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