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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2024, Vol. 18 Issue (7) : 86    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1846-x
A review on Bi2WO6-based photocatalysts synthesis, modification, and applications in environmental remediation, life medical, and clean energy
Wei Mao1,2, Xuewu Shen1,2, Lixun Zhang1,2(), Yang Liu1,2, Zehao Liu1,2, Yuntao Guan1,2()
1. Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract

● Recent progress of bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) as photocatalyst was summarized.

● The review reported the fabrication and modification of Bi2WO6-based materials.

● Bi2WO6-based photocatalysts have been widely used in multiple areas.

● Future perspectives on the use of Bi2WO6-based photocatalysts were discussed.

Photocatalysis has emerged a promising strategy to remedy the current energy and environmental crisis due to its ability to directly convert clean solar energy into chemical energy. Bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) has been shown to be an excellent visible light response, a well-defined perovskite crystal structure, and an abundance of oxygen atoms (providing efficient channels for photogenerated carrier transfer) due to their suitable band gap, effective electron migration and separation, making them ideal photocatalysts. It has been extensively applied as photocatalyst in aspects including pollutant removal, carbon dioxide reduction, solar hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis by nitrogen photocatalytic reduction, and cancer therapy. In this review, the fabrication and application of Bi2WO6 in photocatalysis were comprehensively discussed. The photocatalytic properties of Bi2WO6-based materials were significantly enhanced by carbon modification, the construction of heterojunctions, and the atom doping to improve the photogenerated carrier migration rate, the number of surface active sites, and the photoexcitation ability of the composites. In addition, the potential development directions and the existing challenges to improve the photocatalytic performance of Bi2WO6-based materials were discussed.
Keywords Bismuth tungstate      Synthesis and modification      Photocatalytic application      Environmental remediation      Clean energy      Medical science     
Corresponding Author(s): Lixun Zhang,Yuntao Guan   
About author:

Li Liu and Yanqing Liu contributed equally to this work.
Issue Date: 15 April 2024
 Cite this article:   
Wei Mao,Xuewu Shen,Lixun Zhang, et al. A review on Bi2WO6-based photocatalysts synthesis, modification, and applications in environmental remediation, life medical, and clean energy[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 86.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1846-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/86
Fig.1  Graph showing the number of papers published annually on photocatalysis field by Bi2WO6 composites (Data extracted from Web of Science Database).
PhotocatalystSynthesis methodMorphologySpecific surface area (m2/g)ContaminantRemoval efficiencyPhotocatalysis conditionRef.
Bi2WO6HydrothermalNanoflowers26.154Ceftriaxone sodium70.18%C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 240 min; dosage = 1 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampZhao et al. (2018b)
Bi2WO6SolvothermalNanosheets and microspheres–Rhodamine B97%C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 180 min; dosage = 0.2 g/L; LS: 420 W Xenon lampMa et al. (2016)
Bi2WO6-g-C3N4Microwave hydrothermalNanosheets103.01Atrazine100%C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 60 min; dosage = 0.8 g/L; LS: 500 W Xenon lampYang et al. (2023a)
BPQD/BWOHydrothermalPorous hollow spheres67.03Amoxicillin94.5%C0 = 20 mg/L; t = 60 min; dosage = 0.25 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampChen et al. (2023)
In2S3/Bi2WO6HydrothermalChrysanthemum-like64.8Tetracycline hydrochloride96%C0 = 20 mg/L; t = 120 min; dosage = 1 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampHe et al. (2022)
Bi2S3-Bi2WO6HydrothermalNanorods–Carbamazepine92%C0 = 5 mg/L; t = 30 min; dosage = 0.5 g/L; LS: 100 W Xenon lampCheng et al. (2022)
CQDs/Bi2WO6HydrothermalPetal-like35.56?Tetracycline89%C0 = 20 mg/L; t = 40 min; dosage = 0.6 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampRen et al. (2023)
PPy/BWOSolvothermal-calciningFlower spherical–Cr(VI)99.7%C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 30 min; dosage = 0.15 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampSong et al. (2022)
Tab.1  Summary of synthesis and photocatalytic properties of Bi2WO6
Fig.2  The synthetic path of Bi2WO6 (a and b), (c and d) SEM and (e) HRTEM images of Bi2WO6 microstructure. Reprinted from Ref. (Yuan et al., 2019; Mao et al., 2021a) with permission from Elsevier, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Fig.3  (a) Semiconductor heterojunction diagram of Bi2WO6/BiFeO3; Mechanism of photogenerated charge-separation and -migration (b), and photocatalytic degradation and oxygen evolution in Bi2WO6/BiFeO3 (c); Schematic diagram of charge separation and migration in (d) Bi2WO6/BiFeO3-1, (e) Bi2WO6/BiFeO3-2, and (f) Bi2WO6/BiFeO3-3 NFs. Reprinted from Ref. (Tao et al., 2020) with permission from Elsevier.
Fig.4  (a) XRD patterns and (b) XPS spectra of photocatalysts; (c) photocatalytic removal mechanism of mixed RhB, TCH, and Cr(VI). Reprinted from Ref. (Mao et al., 2021b) with permission from Chinese Academy of Engineering and Tsinghua University.
Fig.5  (a) Schematic representation of the fabrication of CQDs/BiOBr/BWO; SEM images of (b) BiOBr and (c) Bi2WO6; (d–f) Charge transfer modes of CQDs/BiOBr/BWO. Reprinted from Ref. (Zhang et al., 2022) with permission from The American Chemical Society.
Fig.6  SEM images of (a)–(b) Bi2WO6/g-C3N4; (c) XRD patterns and (d) HRTEM micrographs of Bi2WO6/g-C3N4; (e) Preparation flowchart of the fabrication of Bi2WO6/NSBC. Reprinted from Ref. (Mao et al., 2018; Mao et al., 2021a) with permission from Elsevier and SpringerLink.
Fig.7  SEM images of (a) BC, (b) NSBC1, (c) Bi2WO6/NSBC3; (d) XRD patterns of the different samples; (e) XPS survey scan, (f) N 1s, (g) C 1s of NSBC1; (h) Transient photocurrent responses and (i) PL spectra of synthesized photocatalysts. Reprinted from Ref. (Mao et al., 2021a) with permission from Elsevier.
Fig.8  The distribution of partial charge density of valence band (a) and conduction band (b) of CQDs/m-Bi2WO6; (c) Deformation charge density of CQDs/m-Bi2WO6; (d) Schematic diagram of PL transformation in CQDs/m-Bi2WO6 heterojunction; (e) Photocatalytic mechanism diagram of CQDs/m-Bi2WO6 under visible and infrared light irradiation. Reprinted from Ref. (Wang et al., 2018a) with permission from The German Chemical Society.
PhotocatalystDoping modePhotocatalytic activityRegulatory mechanismRef.
S, F-Bi2WO6NonmetallicMethyl orange (MO) degradation: 95.4% (120 min) and Cr(VI) reduction: 94.3% (120 min)Tuning oxygen vacancyPeng et al. (2023)
CSs-Bi2WO6NonmetallicTC degradation: 84.6% (60 min)High visible light utilizationJiang et al. (2023)
I0.50-Bi2WO6NonmetallicBisphenol A degradation: 78% (10 min)Introducing reductive species I?Xu et al. (2021)
N-CQDs/Bi2WO6NonmetallicTC degradation: 97% (25 min)Interfacial charge transferZhang et al. (2018b)
Bi2 + XWO6MetalSodium pentachlorophenate degradation: 97% (2.15 h)Interfacial charge transferDing et al. (2014)
Ti-Bi2WO6Transition metalCr(VI) reduction: 100% (60 min)Mediating oxygen vacancyArif et al. (2021)
Zr-Bi2WO6Transition metalRhB degradation: ~100% (20 min)Mediating oxygen vacancyZhang et al. (2011)
Ag-Bi2WO6Transition metalRhB degradation: 94% (120 min)Enhanced surface plasmon resonancePhu et al. (2020)
Sm3+-Bi2WO6Rare earth metalRhB degradation: ~100% (40 min)Tuning oxygen vacancyLiu et al. (2020)
Yb-Bi2WO6Rare earth metalRhB degradation: 95% (180 min)Introducing oxygen vacanciesLi et al. (2021b)
Eu-Bi2WO6Rare earth metalRhB degradation: 78% (60 min)Influence morphology evolutionXu et al. (2014)
Ba-Bi2WO6MetalRhB degradation: 96.3% (50 min)Construction electron defectLi et al. (2015)
La-Bi2WO6Rare earth metalRhB degradation: 90% (99 min)Interfacial charge transferNing et al. (2022)
Tab.2  Comparison of photocatalytic properties of element doping Bi2WO6
PhotocatalystSynthesis methodPhotocatalytic activityPhotocatalysis conditionRef.
Bi2WO6/AgInS2HydrothermalRhB (92.24%, 60 min), NF (81.73%, 90 min), and LEV (87.46%, 90 min)C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 90 min; dosage = 0.3 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampZhao et al. (2024b)
I-Bi/Bi2WO6One-step solvothermalColorless BPA (30 mg/L, 93%), RhB (10 mg/L, 99.9%), anionic dye CoR (40 mg/L, 91%), sulfamethoxazole (SX, 10 mg/L, 55%), and atrazine (AZ, 10 mg/L, 60%)t = 60 min; dosage = 0.2 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampHua et al. (2020)
Bi2WO6-BiOClHydrothermal and solvothermalOxytetracycline (98.5%)C0 = 20 mg/L; t = 80 min; dosage = 1 g/L; LS: 500 W Xenon lampGuo et al. (2020)
I0.30-Bi2WO6Hydrothermal2-chlorophenol (80%)C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 300 min; dosage = 2 mg; LS: 150 W Xenon lampWang et al. (2018c)
Oxygen vacancies enriched Bi2WO6Solvothermal calcinationDecabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209, 98%)C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 40 min; dosage = 0.3 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampYang et al. (2022)
CQD/BiOBr/Bi2WO6HydrothermalNorfloxacin (k = 0.01717 min?1)C0 = 15 mg/L; t = 120 min; dosage = 0.1 g/L; LS: 500 W Xenon lampZhang et al. (2022)
Bi2WO6/RGOHydrothermalRhB (99.5%), MO (78.5%), phenol (66.5%), SX (70.9%), and sulfanilamide (57.6%)C0 = 10 mg/L; t = 8 h; dosage = 0.5 g/L; LS: natural sunlightDong et al. (2017)
Cu-Bi2WO6-VoOne step solvothermalTC (94%)C0 = 20 mg/L; t = 30 min; dosage = 0.3 g/L; PMS = 0.3 g/L; LS: 300 W Xenon lampZheng et al. (2023)
Tab.3  Degradation of OP by Bi2WO6 based materials
Fig.9  (a) Degradation path, and (b) photocatalytic removal mechanism of TC by composite materials. Reprinted from Ref. (Liu et al., 2022) with permission from Elsevier.
Fig.10  (a) Preparation flowchart and (b) photocatalytic charge transfer mechanism at internal interface α-MnO2/Bi2WO6 heterostructure; Schematic diagram of (c) photocatalyst preparation of PPy/Bi2WO6. Reprinted from Ref. (Song et al., 2022; Arif et al., 2023) with permission from Elsevier.
Fig.11  Possible mechanism for photocatalytic removal of antibiotics and Cr(VI) on Bi2WO6/NSBC. Reprinted from Ref. (Mao et al., 2021a) with permission from Elsevier.
Fig.12  Schematic diagram of photocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanism: (a) ultrathin 2Ag-BWO nanosheets, (b) QDh-Bi2WO6, (c) chloride-modified Bi2WO6, and (d) Bi2WO6/TiO2. Reprinted from Ref. (Jiang et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020b; Collado et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2024a) with permission from Elsevier, The Royal Society of Chemistry, and Catalysis Society of Chinese Chemical Society, respectively.
Fig.13  Schematic diagram of photocatalytic hydrogen production: (a) MBWO and (b) BP-Bi2WO6. Reprinted from Ref. (Hu et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020) with permission from The American Chemical Society and The German Chemical Society.
Fig.14  Schematic diagram of anti-tumor mechanism: (a) Bi2WO6-DOX-PEG NSs and (b) PM-BiW NPs. Reprinted from Ref. (Feng et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020a) with permission from Elsevier, and Wiley, respectively.
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