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Front Biol    2010, Vol. 5 Issue (5) : 407-416    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-010-0850-7
REVIEW
Identification of cancer stem cells: from leukemia to solid cancers
Yinghui HUANG1(), Xiaoxue QIU2, Ji-Long CHEN2()
1. China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China; 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are widely considered to be a small cell population in leukemia and many solid cancers with the properties including self-renewal and differentiation to non-tumorigenic cancer cells. Identification and isolation of CSCs significantly depend on the special surface markers of CSCs. Aberrant gene expression and signal transduction contribute to malignancies of CSCs, which result in cancer initiation, progression and recurrence. The inefficient therapy of cancers is mainly attributed to the failure of elimination of the malignant CSCs. However, CSCs have not been detected in all cancers and hierarchical organization of tumors might challenge cancer stem cell models. Additionally, opinions about the validity of the CSC hypothesis, the biological properties of CSCs, and the relevance of CSCs to cancer therapy differ widely. In this review, we discuss the debate of cancer stem cell model, the parameters by which CSCs can or cannot be defined, and the advances in the therapy of CSCs.
Keywords Cancer stem cell      leukemia      solid tumor      signal transduction      therapy     
Corresponding Author(s): HUANG Yinghui,Email:yhuang@jlu.edu.cn; CHEN Ji-Long,Email:chenjl@im.ac.cn   
Issue Date: 01 October 2010
 Cite this article:   
Yinghui HUANG,Xiaoxue QIU,Ji-Long CHEN. Identification of cancer stem cells: from leukemia to solid cancers[J]. Front Biol, 2010, 5(5): 407-416.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-010-0850-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2010/V5/I5/407
Fig.1  Two tumor growth models. A: In the cancer stem cell (CSC) model, only the CSC (pink), differentiates and contributes completely to tumor growth, and hence represents the only relevant target for therapy. B: In the clonal evolution model, tumor cells acquire stem cell characteristics (orange and yellow) during the developmental stages of cancer, due to genetic and/or epigenetic changes plus environmental influences, and hence therapy must attempt to eliminate all the cell types.
Fig.1  Two tumor growth models. A: In the cancer stem cell (CSC) model, only the CSC (pink), differentiates and contributes completely to tumor growth, and hence represents the only relevant target for therapy. B: In the clonal evolution model, tumor cells acquire stem cell characteristics (orange and yellow) during the developmental stages of cancer, due to genetic and/or epigenetic changes plus environmental influences, and hence therapy must attempt to eliminate all the cell types.
Fig.2  The development of cancer stem cells (CSC) and cancers in human. The normal cells or stem cells have the potential to be transformed by certain virus and exogenous carcinogens, leading to initiation of CSCs (dark blue) or common cancer cells (light blue). Consequently, these malignant cells breach the basement membrane to undergo invasion and metastasis. Many cancer cells may not be able to escape the fate of drug-induced apoptosis, whereas CSCs are able to survive continuously. Therefore, CSCs are thought to have significant effects on progression and recurrence of cancers including leukemia and many other solid tumors.
Fig.2  The development of cancer stem cells (CSC) and cancers in human. The normal cells or stem cells have the potential to be transformed by certain virus and exogenous carcinogens, leading to initiation of CSCs (dark blue) or common cancer cells (light blue). Consequently, these malignant cells breach the basement membrane to undergo invasion and metastasis. Many cancer cells may not be able to escape the fate of drug-induced apoptosis, whereas CSCs are able to survive continuously. Therefore, CSCs are thought to have significant effects on progression and recurrence of cancers including leukemia and many other solid tumors.
Fig.3  Aberrant signal pathways in leukemia cells and leukemia stem cells. Shown are several signaling pathways associated to cellular survival and antiapoptosis. These pathways are constitutively activated by leukemic oncoproteins shown in purple color, leading to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis of LSCs. The grey rectangles represent signal inhibitors including Axin, Pten and SOCS proteins. Signal inhibitors including Pten and SOCS are frequently altered in leukemia cells and LSCs. The aberrant signal transduction facilitates the progression of leukemia such as chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (CML) and acute myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (AML). PIP: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; Pten: phosphatase and tensin homolog; JAK: Janus kinase; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; LEF: lymphoid enhancer factor; TCF: T-cell factor.
Fig.3  Aberrant signal pathways in leukemia cells and leukemia stem cells. Shown are several signaling pathways associated to cellular survival and antiapoptosis. These pathways are constitutively activated by leukemic oncoproteins shown in purple color, leading to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis of LSCs. The grey rectangles represent signal inhibitors including Axin, Pten and SOCS proteins. Signal inhibitors including Pten and SOCS are frequently altered in leukemia cells and LSCs. The aberrant signal transduction facilitates the progression of leukemia such as chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (CML) and acute myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (AML). PIP: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; Pten: phosphatase and tensin homolog; JAK: Janus kinase; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; LEF: lymphoid enhancer factor; TCF: T-cell factor.
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