The present paper has disseminated the design approach, project implementation, and economics of a nano-grid system. The deployment of the system is envisioned to acculturate the renewable technology into Indian society by field-on-laboratory demonstration (FOLD) and “bridge the gaps between research, development, and implementation.” The system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) (2.4 kWp), a wind turbine (3.2 kWp), and a battery bank (400 Ah). Initially, a prefeasibility study is conducted using the well-established HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. The feasibility study indicates that the optimal capacity for the nano-grid system consists of a 2.16 kWp solar PV, a 3 kWp wind turbine, a 1.44 kW inverter, and a 24 kWh battery bank. The total net present cost (TNPC) and cost of energy (COE) of the system are US$20789.85 and US$0.673/kWh, respectively. However, the hybrid system consisting of a 2.4 kWp of solar PV, a 3.2 kWp of wind turbine, a 3 kVA of inverter, and a 400 Ah of battery bank has been installed due to unavailability of system components of desired values and to enhance the reliability of the system. The TNPC and COE of the system installed are found to be US$20073.63 and US$0.635/kWh, respectively and both costs are largely influenced by battery cost. Besides, this paper has illustrated the installation details of each component as well as of the system. Moreover, it has discussed the detailed cost breakup of the system. Furthermore, the performance of the system has been investigated and validated with the simulation results. It is observed that the power generated from the PV system is quite significant and is almost uniform over the year. Contrary to this, a trivial wind velocity prevails over the year apart from the month of April, May, and June, so does the power yield. This research demonstration provides a pathway for future planning of scaled-up hybrid energy systems or microgrid in this region of India or regions of similar topography.
通讯作者:
TUDU B.
E-mail: bhimsen.tudu@jadavpuruniversity.in
Corresponding Author(s):
B. TUDU
引用本文:
TUDU B., MANDAL K. K., CHAKRABORTY N.. 基于光伏-风力-电池纳米电网系统的优化设计与开发：一个实验室现场演示[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2019, 13(2): 269-283.
B. TUDU, K. K. MANDAL, N. CHAKRABORTY. Optimal design and development of PV-wind-battery based nano-grid system: A field-on-laboratory demonstration. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(2): 269-283.
Side furling and dump load Manual stopping by brake switch installed on the base of the turbine tower
Yaw system
Wind direction sensor
By tail fin and tail boom
Yaw control
Free/passive yaw
Type
Mild steel tubular-5” diameter – 20 feet height on roof top with guy support
Guy material
Steel wire rope of 6 mm (for Tubular Tower)
Accessories
Suitable turnbuckle, DC lamp, wire clamp, etc.
Tab.4
Fig.10
Parameters
Values
Voltage configuration/V
48
Power factor/%
80
Battery efficiency/%
85
Battery capacity
48 V 400 Ah
Voltage of each cell (nominal)/V
2
Combination of batteries
24 nos. of 400 Ah
Type of battery
Tubular lead acid flooded electrolyte
Positive plate
Tubular
Negative plate
Pasted flat
Electrolyte
Sulphuric acid
Tab.5
Parameters
Values
Inverter capacity/kVA
3
Efficiency/%
90
Duty
Continuous
Wave form
Sine wave
Ambient/°C
60
Protection
I/P under voltage, I/P over Voltage, O/P Overload, O/P Short – Circuit
Relative humidity/%
98
Power device
MOSFET/IGBT
Control
Pulse width modulation
Power factor
0.8
Tab.6
Fig.11
Component
Size
Capital cost/US$
Replacement cost/US$
O & M cost/(US$·a−1)
Other parameters
PV
0.3 kW
537.00
306.00
0.00 [32]
Derating factor: 0.9 [32]; Lifetime: 25 years
Wind
3 kW
4350.00
3000.00
114.00
Reference height: 10 m; Hub height: 28.10 m; Lifetime: 20 years
Battery
1 kWh
150.00
140.00
15.00
Throughput (kWh): 3000.00; Roundtrip efficiency: 90%; Lifetime: 15 years
Inverter
1 kW
180.00
150.00
3.00
Efficiency: 96%; Lifetime: 15 years
Tab.7
Fig.12
Fig.13
Cost summary (Net present cost)
PV system
Wind system
Battery
Converter
Hybrid system
Capital cost
3871.98
4350.00
3600.00
260.01
12082.00
Replacement cost
0.00
1162.49
1650.22
106.42
2919.13
Operation and maintenance cost
0.00
1630.43
5148.71
61.98
6841.12
Fuel cost
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Salvage value
0.00
–687.89
–342.42
–22.08
–1052.39
TNPC
3871.98
6455.03
10056.51
406.33
20789.85
Tab.8
Cost summary (Annualized cost)
PV system
Wind system
Battery
Converter
Hybrid system
Capital cost
270.73
304.15
251.71
18.18
844.78
Replacement cost
0.00
81.28
115.38
7.44
204.11
Operation and maintenance cost
0.00
114.00
360.00
4.33
478.33
Fuel cost
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Salvage value
0.00
–48.10
–23.94
–1.54
–73.58
TAC
270.73
451.34
703.16
28.41
1453.63
Tab.9
Components
Sub-components
Cost/W(Rs.)
Cost/W(US$)
PV systems
PV panels
70.00
1.08
Panel fitment structure
10.00
0.15
Cable and wire
5.00
0.08
Charge controller
3.33
0.05
Total
88.33
1.36
Wind system
Aero generator
73.44
1.13
Brake switch, junction box
3.75
0.06
Cable and wire
4.69
0.07
Tower (6.5 m) and support system
12.5
0.19
Total
94.38
1.45
Inverter
Per VA
11.67
0.18
Controller and Control panel unit
8.33
0.13
Data monitoring and logging
8.33
0.13
Battery
Per Wh
11.46
0.18
Other cost
Transport, loading and unloading
1.67
0.003
Civil work, erection and commissioning
11.67
0.18
Total
13.34
0.183
Total project cost
224.17
3.4348
Tab.10
Cost summary (Net present cost)
PV system
Wind system
Battery
Converter
Hybrid system
Capital cost
4296.00
4640.00
2880.00
540.00
12356.00
Replacement cost
0.00
1241.60
1319.81
220.95
2782.36
Operation and maintenance cost
0.00
1739.97
4120.99
128.78
5989.75
Fuel cost
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Salvage value
0.00
–734.40
–274.18
–45.90
–1054.48
TNPC
4296.00
6887.17
8046.62
843.83
20073.63
Tab.11
Cost summary (Annualized cost)
PV system
Wind system
Battery
Converter
Hybrid system
Capital cost
300.25
324.29
201.28
37.74
863.56
Replacement cost
0.00
86.73
72.32
12.20
171.25
Operation and maintenance cost
0.00
119.00
281.84
8.81
409.65
Fuel cost
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Salvage value
0.00
–51.33
–18.97
–3.21
–73.51
TAC
300.25
478.69
536.47
55.54
1370.94
Tab.12
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