Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices

doi:10.1007/s11708-009-0002-4

Front Energ Power Eng Chin

0, Vol.

Issue () : 27-46 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-009-0002-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices

Dewei JIA¹, Jing LIU^2,3(

)

1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 3. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

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Abstract

Energy problems arise with the proliferation of mobile electronic devices, which range from entertainment tools to life saving medical instruments. The large amount of energy consumption and increasing mobility of electronic devices make it urgent that new power sources should be developed. It has been gradually recognized that the human body is highly flexible in generating applicable power from sources of heat dissipation, joint rotation, enforcement of body weight, vertical displacement of mass centers, and even elastic deformation of tissues and other attachments. These basic combinations of daily activities or metabolic phenomena open up possibilities for harvesting energy which is strong enough to power mobile or even implantable medical devices which could be used for a long time or be recharged permanently. A comprehensive review is presented in this paper on the latest developed or incubating electricity generation methods based on human power which would serve as promising candidates for future mobile power. Thermal and mechanical energy, investigated more thoroughly so far, will particularly be emphasized. Thermal energy relies on body heat and employs the property of thermoelectric materials, while mechanical energy is generally extracted in the form of enforcement or displacement excitation. For illustration purposes, the piezoelectric effect, dielectric elastomer and the electromagnetic induction couple, which can convert force directly into electricity, were also evaluated. Meanwhile, examples are given to explain how to adopt inertia generators for converting displacement energy via piezoelectric, electrostatic, electromagnetic or magnetostrictive vibrators. Finally, future prospects in harvesting energy from human power are made in conclusion.

Keywords mobile electronic device human power energy harvesting micro/miniaturized generator battery green energy

Corresponding Author(s): LIU Jing,Email:jliu@cl.cryo.ac.cn

Issue Date: 05 March 2009

Cite this article:

Dewei JIA,Jing LIU. Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices[J]. Front Energ Power Eng Chin, 0, (): 27-46.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-009-0002-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y0/V/I/27

Tab.1 Power consumption of communication protocols in 2005

Tab.2 Common IMDs and their energy requirement

Tab.3 Comparison of several embedded processors with low power

Tab.4 Function based power analysis of various applications

Tab.5 Performance comparison of different types of battery

Fig.1 Two possible topologies of series connected thermo modules Zigzag
(a) Coiled-up pattern []; (b) Zigzag pattern []

Fig.2 Denotation of piezoelectric axes

Fig.3 Schematic illustration of the piezoelectric direction of forces applied and charges or voltage harvested in two operation modes
(a) Compression mode caused by pressure; (b) transverse mode by bending

Tab.6 Comparison of output capacities of piezoelectric generators in two operation modes []

Tab.7 Material constant of promising piezoelectric materials [,]

Fig.4 Demonstration of electroactive behavior of dielectric elastomer and generator prototype
(a) Electrostatic charges in electrodes occurs when the structure stretches; (b) prototype of boot mounted generator []

Fig.5 Simplified model of a linear inertial generator

Fig.6 Diagram explaining electrostatic energy conversion (adopted from Ref. [])

Fig.7 Three possible topologies for micromachined electrostatic converters (Adapted from Ref. [])
(a) In-plane gap closing type (InClose): capacitance changes by changing gap between fingers; (b) in-plane gap varying type (InClose): capacitance changes by changing overlap area of fingers; (c) out-of-plane gap closing type (OutClose): capacitance changes by changing gap between two large plates

Tab.8 Electrostatic force variation for three configurations []

Fig.8 Electromagnetic vibrator []

Fig.9 Magnetostrictive effect-based vibration harvester
(a) Hybrid configuration []; (b) Metglas 2605SC vibration beam []

Tab.9 Comparison of power density based on experiments

Tab.10 Comparison of three conversion mechanisms [,]

Fig.10 Thermoelectric potential of human skin and commercialized product
(a) Sources of metabolic heat dissipation; (b) product of Seiko wristwatch; (c) cross-sectional view of thermo wrist watch

Fig.11 Device configuration and structure of knee-mounted generator with minimum user effort []

Fig.12 Electricity generating shoes with rotary magnetic generator, PVDF insole stave and PZT unimorph [,,]

Fig.13 Suspended backpack and the corresponding walking model [,,,].
(a) Suspended backpack designed by Rome; (b) improved engineering of piezoelectric material instead of original buckle; (c) precise double support model of human walking
1-pinion gear on generator; 2-toothed rack; 3-spring; 4-linear transducer; 5-load cell; 6-load plate; 7-locking mechanism; 8-pack frame; 9-vertical rod; 10-bushing; 11-arm strap; 12-load attached to load plate

Fig.14 Optimized design of the small scale windmill and internal structure exhibiting a translation mechanism []

Fig.15 Double effect of ZnO NB and apposition structure for ultrasonic generator [-]
(a) Schottky contact between AFM tip responsible for releasing DC current; (b) Simplified architecture of ultrasonic wave or other mechanical vibration driven generator

Fig.16 Schematic of the formation of electrical double layer

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