Micro/nanofluidics-enabled energy conversion and its implemented devices

doi:10.1007/s11708-010-0126-6

Front Energ

0, Vol.

Issue () : 270-287 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-010-0126-6

REVIEW ARTICLE

Micro/nanofluidics-enabled energy conversion and its implemented devices

Yang YANG¹(

), Jing LIU^1,2

1. Key Laboratory of Cryogenics (Y0AS011010), Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100080, China

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Abstract

Most people were not aware of the role of energy as a basic force that drives the development and economic growth of the world until the two great oil crises occurred. According to the conservation law, energy not only exists in various forms but is also capable of being converted from one form to another. The common forms of energy are mechanical energy, chemical energy, internal energy, electrical energy, atomic energy, and electromagnetic energy, among others. The fluids in nature serve as the most common carriers and media in the energy conversion process. Following the rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the energy supply and conversion issue in micro/nano scale has also been introduced in research laboratories worldwide. With unremitting efforts, great quantities of micro/nano scale energy devices have been investigated. Micro/nanofluid shows distinct features in transporting and converting energy similar to their counterpart macroscale tasks. In this paper, a series of micro/nanofluid-enabled energy conversion devices is reviewed based on the transformation between different forms of energy. The evaluation and contradistinction of their performances are also examined. The role of micro/nanofluid as media in micro/nano energy devices is summarized. This contributes to the establishment of a comprehensive and systematic structure in the relationship between energy conversion and fluid in the micro/nano scale. Some fundamental and practical issues are outlined, and the prospects in this challenging area are explored.

Keywords micro/nanofluid different energy forms energy conversion medium role

Corresponding Author(s): YANG Yang,Email:yangy@mail.ipc.ac.cn

Issue Date: 05 September 2011

Cite this article:

Yang YANG,Jing LIU. Micro/nanofluidics-enabled energy conversion and its implemented devices[J]. Front Energ, 0, (): 270-287.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-010-0126-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y0/V/I/270

Fig.1 Sketch of energy conversion recurring in micro/nanofluid

Tab.1 Summary of information on the different fuels

Fig.2 Schematic of a micro gas-based fuel cell design [–]

Fig.3 Schematic of the μDMFC design
(a) Illustration of a methanol fueled μDMFC element in Ref. []; (b) cut view of the micro DMFC system in Ref. []; (c) schematic cross-section of the μDMFC with the integrated Nafion strip in Ref. []; (d) schematic of the process flows and reactions in the methanol decomposition fuel processor approach in Ref. []

Fig.4 Schematic of the membraneless micro liquid-based fuel cell design
(a) Schematic design of a single cell in Ref. []; (b) schematics of electrode design and flow paths of the radial membraneless fuel cell in Ref. [] as in the above isometric projection and beneath the cross-section of the radial flow fuel cell

Tab.2 Performance of both gas-based and liquid-based micro fuel cell devices demonstrated in previous references

Fig.5 Schematic of the EDL design
(a) Schematic diagram of an EDL at the channel wall in Ref. []; (b) schematic of the experimental setup with a electrokinetic streaming potential device in Ref. []

Fig.6 Schematic of the energy conversion from mechanical energy into electricity
(a) Conceptual illustration of the synthetic leaf design and measured ΔC vs. time for the bubble transiting between the capacitor plates in Ref. []; (b) three-dimensional cross-view schematics of the microfluidic-electric package and the real view of the power before assembly in Ref. []

Fig.7 Schematic of an NG that operates in biofluid and the two types of connections used to characterize the performance of the NG (The pink and blue curves represent signals from the forward connected current/voltage (I/V) meter and the reversely connected I/V meter, respectively.)

Fig.8 Schematic illustration of the pumping of fluid using a sequential bubble pump and its SEM micrograph (The successive voltage pulses to generate bubbles were applied in a time sequence through .)

Fig.9 Exploded view of the three-wafer combustor, catalytic insert and the invar plates for packaging and catalytic pieces being inserted into a six-wafer combustor during fabrication in Ref. []

Fig.10 Cross-section of the assembled combustors and its components fabricated using DRIE in Ref. []

Fig.11 Schematic of the micro combustor design
(a) Schematic of the suspended-tube reactor; (b) SEM of F2-released reactor showing four suspended SiN tubes connected to the Si reaction zone, Si slabs thermally linking the four tubes, and a meandering Ti/Pt resistor; (c) photograph of a reactor heated to ~900°C in air (the supporting chip and package are below 50°C) in Ref. []

Fig.12 Operation sequence of the bubble-powered micropump at a cycle frequency of 0.4 Hz and at 40% duty ratio in Ref. []

Fig.13 Schematic of the micropump design
(a) Micropump concept: complete device schematic illustrating the control factors and design parameters; (b) photograph of a fully assembled micropump in Ref. []

Fig.14 Working principle of the micro/nano scale ice pump

Fig.15 Schematic of the electromagnetic power generator design
(a) Three-dimensional schematic of the proposed energy scavengers; (b) SLA-fabricated micro-generators with an electromagnetic electrical power generator [Windbelt-based micro-generator (left) and Helmholtz resonator based micro-generator (right)] in Ref. []

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