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Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

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Front. Energy    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (2) : 148-161    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-015-0344-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units in smart power grids
Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR1(), M. JAYA BHARATA REDDY1, Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA1,2
1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh 535005, India
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Abstract

Conventional power grids across the globe are reforming to smart power grids with cutting edge technologies in real time monitoring and control methods. Advanced real time monitoring is facilitated by incorporating synchrophasor measurement units such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) to the power grid monitoring system. Several physical and economic constraints limit the deployment of PMUs in smart power grids. This paper proposes a pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing (PMSSA) methodology for finding the optimal locations in the smart power grid for installing PMUs in conjunction with existing conventional measurement units (CMUs) to achieve a complete observability of the grid. The proposed PMSSA is much faster than the conventional simulated annealing (SA) approach as it utilizes controlled uphill and downhill movements during various stages of optimization. Moreover, the method of integrating practical phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement conditions like PMU channel limits and redundant placement can be easily handled. The efficacy of the proposed methodology has been validated through simulation studies in IEEE standard bus systems and practical regional Indian power grids.
Keywords phasor measurement units (PMUs)      pragmatic PMU placement      simulated annealing (SA)      western region Indian power grid (WRIPG)     
Corresponding Author(s): Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR   
Online First Date: 09 February 2015    Issue Date: 29 May 2015
 Cite this article:   
Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR,M. JAYA BHARATA REDDY,Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA. Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units in smart power grids[J]. Front. Energy, 2015, 9(2): 148-161.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-015-0344-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2015/V9/I2/148
Fig.1  A 7-bus system without CMUs
Fig.2  7-bus system with CMUs
Fig.3  Pseudo code for complete multi-stage optimization
Fig.4  Single line diagram of IEEE-14 bus system with PMU locations
Fig.5  Single line diagram of IEEE-30 bus system with PMU locations
Fig.6  Single line diagram of WRIPG with CMUs and PMU locations
Fig.7  Single Line diagram of WRIPG with CMUs and PMU locations
Sl System Injection measurement buses Power flow measurement branches
1 IEEE-14 7 1-5, 2-3, 4-2
2 IEEE-30 6, 9, 22, 25, 27, 28 1-2, 3-4, 2-6, 5-7, 15-23
3 Western region
Indian power grid(WRIPG)(77-bus system)		 425, 431, 438, 466, 477, 485 424-425, 417-269, 417-282, 488-489,
488-159, 462-339, 271-424
4 Southern region
Indian power grid(SRIPG)(285-bus system)		 49, 88, 111, 171, 176, 425, 431,
438, 466, 477, 485		 150-181, 117-169, 146-147, 139-154,
179-154, 087-088, 424-425, 417-269,
417-282, 488-489, 488-159, 462-339,
271-424
Tab.1  Details of power grid system
Fig.8  Convergence of PMU configuration in PMSSA and conventional SA for IEEE-14 bus system
Fig.9  Convergence of PMU configuration in PMSSA and conventional SA for IEEE-30 bus system
Fig.10  Convergence of PMU configuration in PMSSA and conventional SA for WRIPG
Fig.11  Convergence of PMU configuration in PMSSA and conventional SA for SRIPG
Sl System PMU details (without channel limits) PMU details (with channel limits of 3)
No. of PMUs PMU locations No. of PMUs PMU Locations
1 IEEE-14 2 6, 9 3 5, 6, 9
2 IEEE-30 4 10, 12, 18, 27 5 10, 12, 19, 25, 27
3 WRIPG (77-bus system) 18 420, 421, 427,432, 440,448,453, 456, 458,461, 465, 468,469, 471, 474,480, 486, 490 24 418, 420, 421, 427,432, 438, 440, 441, 448,451, 453, 454, 456, 458,460,461, 465, 468,469, 471,474,480, 486, 490
4 SRIPG (285-bus system) 66 1, 9, 10, 12, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 47, 48,54, 58, 60, 63, 65, 73, 75, 76, 89, 93,95, 99, 104, 107, 110, 115, 121, 122, 127, 128, 132, 135, 138, 145, 152, 157,159, 163, 165, 167, 170, 182, 185, 188, 196, 201, 203, 418, 421, 428, 432, 436, 439, 443, 445, 448, 456,460, 465, 471, 474, 486, 490, 492 77 1, 6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 47, 48, 50, 54, 58, 60, 63, 65, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83, 88, 89, 93,95, 99, 104, 107, 110, 113, 115, 121, 122, 127, 128, 132, 133, 135,138, 145, 152, 156, 157,159, 163, 165, 167, 170, 182, 185, 186, 188, 194, 196, 201, 203, 418, 421, 428, 432, 436, 439, 443, 445, 448, 456,460, 465, 471, 474, 486, 490, 492
Tab.2  Details of PMU placement
No. Bus name No. Bus name No. Bus
name		 No. Bus name No. Bus
name		 No. Bus name No. Bus
name
1 Chennai 42 P.Chandai 83 Sankaneri 124 Simhadri 3 165 Sedam 206 H Halli 455 Kalwa
2 G.Poondi 43 Samaypuram 84 Kasarkode 125 Kakinada 166 Humnabad 207 TN 7 456 Kharghar
3 Almathy 44 Kdalangudu 85 Nallalm 126 Vemagiri 167 Gulbarga 208 TN4 457 Pune
4 Ennore 45 Nallur 86 Kaniampet 127 Vijayawada 168 Y.Mailaram 417 Gwalior 458 Aurangabad
5 Monali 46 Ingur 87 Taliparambu 128 Bommur 169 Barsur 418 Bina 459 Akola
6 Tondiarpet 47 Pugalur 88 Kanjikode 129 Nidadavolu 170 Balimela 419 Shujalpur 460 Aurangabad
7 Mosur 48 Trichy 89 Areakode 130 Bhimadole 171 AP5 420 Nagda 461 Wardha
8 Thiruvalam 49 Thanjavur 90 Shornur 131 S.Lbph 172 Miryalaguda 421 Dehgam 462 Raipur
9 Korattur 50 Thiruvarur 91 Malaparamba 132 Kurnool 173 Sholapur 422 Manakbori 463 Seoni
10 Mylapore 51 Pudukottai 92 Trichur 133 N’Sagar 174 Tiruvalam 423 Nardipur 464 Bhilai
11 Koyambedu 52 Alagarkoil 93 Palakkad 134 Not used 175 Nellore 424 Zerda 465 Korba
12 Budur 53 RGPuram 94 Periyar 135 Mehbubngr 176 Haveri 425 Ranchodpura 466 Vindhyachal
13 Kadperi 54 Arasur 95 Idukki 136 Raichur 177 Davangere 426 Mundra 467 Sasan
14 Hyundai 55 Pykara 96 Brahmapuram 137 Gooty 178 Kalinadi 427 Limbdi 468 Satna
15 Tharamani 56 Kundah3 97 Kalamassery 138 Bangalore 179 Alamanthi 428 Bachchau 469 D’jayagarh
16 SP Koil 57 Kundah2 98 Pallom 139 K.Patanam 180 TN 130 429 Jetpur 470 N’Mumbai
17 Arni 58 Kundah1 99 New Pallom 140 Warangal 181 Kolar 430 Rajkot 471 Vapi
18 V.Mangalam 59 Valthur 100 Sabarigiri 141 Siddipet 182 Not used 431 Amreli 472 Kharadpada
19 Hosur 60 Karaikudi 101 Kayamkulam 142 Sri Sailam 183 Kadra 432 Asoj 473 Khadoli
20 Kalpakkam 61 Thudiyalur 102 Edamom 143 Ongole 184 Karwar 433 Ukai 474 Boisar
21 Karimangalam 62 OKMandabam 103 Kundara 144 S.Palli 185 Kaiga 434 S.Sarovar 475 Mumbai
22 Acharapakam 63 Udumalpet 104 Pothencode 145 Muddannur 186 Sirsi 435 Karamsad 476 Tarapur Ex
23 Villupuram 64 Ponnapuram 105 Trivandrum 146 Arantapur 187 Sharavathi 436 Gandhar 477 Kakrapar
24 TV Malai 65 Sembatti 106 Nirmal 147 Hindupur 188 Davangere 2 437 Vadodara 478 Magarwada
25 Singarapettai 66 Myvadi 107 Ramagundam 148 AP3 189 C.Durga 438 Pirana 479 Navsari
26 Cuddalore 67 Madurai 108 Dichpally 149 AP1 190 KA1 439 Rajgarh 480 Kawas
27 Neyveli TS1 68 Pasumalai 109 Minpur 150 Cuddapah 191 Talaguppa 440 Indore 481 Valthan
28 Mettur 69 Paramkudi 110 Hyderabad 151 AP4 192 Tail Race 441 Bhopal 482 Bharuch
29 D.Kurchi 70 Theni 111 Karimnagar 152 Chittoor 193 Honali 442 Damoh 483 Lonikhand
30 NeyveliTS2 71 Kadamparai 112 Siddipet 153 Ranigunta 194 Shimoga 443 Jabalpur 484 Nagothane
31 STCMS 72 Sipcot 113 Bhongir 154 Sulurpet 195 Varahi 444 Itarsi 485 Dhabo
32 SAIL 73 Tuticorin 114 Khammam 155 Munirabad 196 Kemar 445 Satpura 486 Koyna
33 Salem 74 Sathur 115 Kothagudem 156 L’Sugur 197 Mangalore 446 Narmada Sgr 487 Karad
34 M.Tunnel 75 Kayathur 116 Manuguru 157 Hubli 198 KudreMukh 447 Khandwa 488 Kolhapur
35 Mettur TPS 76 Viranam 117 L.Sileru 158 A’wadi 199 Tiptur 448 Dhule 489 Mapusa
36 Bahoor 77 Kodikurchi 118 U.Sileru 159 Narendra 200 Hassan 449 M’Gaon 490 Solapur
37 Villianur 78 Sterlite 119 Gazuwaka 160 Kolhapur 201 Mysore 450 Nasik 491 Parli
38 Eachengadu 79 Auto 120 Pendurthi 161 Ml.Pur 202 Kozhikode 451 Bableshwar 492 Chandrapur
39 Peranbalur 80 Udayathur 121 Garividi 162 Almati 203 KA2 452 Bhusawal 493 Bhadravati
40 Unjanai 81 Thirunelveli 122 Vizag 163 BB. Vadi 204 KA3 453 Koradi
41 Gobi 82 S.R.Pudur 123 Simhadri 2 164 Shahabad 205 TK Halli 454 Padghe
Tab.3  Geographical names of buses in Southern and Western Region Indian Power Grids
Sl. System Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
1 IEEE-14 8 8 2 2
2 IEEE-30 14 20 6 4
3 Western region Indian power grid(WRIPG)(77-bus system) 27 57 21 18
4 Southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG) (208-bus system) 117 202 71 66
Tab.4  Number of PMUs after each stage of PMSSA optimization
Sl System Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
1 IEEE-14 7 9 3 3
2 IEEE-30 17 17 7 5
3 Western region Indian power grid (WRIPG) (77-bus system) 33 50 25 24
4 Southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG) (208-bus system) 124 213 80 77
Tab.5  Number of PMUs after each stage of PMSSA optimization for PMUs with channel limitation of 3
Sl System Starting temperature (T0)/°C Simulation time/s CPU usage/%
1 IEEE-14 27 < 1 ~ 1
2 IEEE-30 51 < 2 ~ 1
3 Western region Indian power grid(WRIPG) (77-bus system) 148 < 5 ~ 5
4 Southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG) (208-bus system) 557 < 15 ~ 10
Tab.6  Computational evaluation of proposed PMSSA optimization algorithm
Sl System Starting temperature (T0) /°C Simulation time/s CPU usage/%
1 IEEE-14 27 < 1 ~ 1
2 IEEE-30 51 < 2 ~ 1
3 Western region Indian power grid (WRIPG) (77-bus system) 148 < 8 ~ 7
4 Southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG) (208-bus system) 557 < 20 ~ 13
Tab.7  Computational evaluation of proposed PMSSA optimization algorithm for PMUs with channel limitation of 3
Sl System No. of PMUs Simulation time/s No. of PMUs Simulation time/s No. of PMUs Simulation time/s No. of PMUs Simulation time/s
ILP Classical GA Classical SA PMSSA
1 IEEE-14 2 < 2 4 < 1 4 < 5 2 < 1
2 IEEE-30 4 < 4 7 < 2 9 < 10 4 < 2
3 WRIPG 20 < 20 29 < 10 51 < 30 18 < 5
4 SRIPG 73 < 50 85 < 20 109 < 160 66 < 15
Tab.8  Comparative study of proposed PMSSA with existing methodologies
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