Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

Postal Subscription Code 80-972

2018 Impact Factor: 1.701

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Energy    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (2) : 164-175    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-016-0407-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment and validation of liquid breakup models for high-pressure dense diesel sprays
Yi REN,Xianguo LI()
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
 Download: PDF(1672 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

Liquid breakup in fuel spray and atomization significantly affects the consequent mixture formation, combustion behavior, and emission formation processes in a direct injection diesel engine. In this paper, different models for liquid breakup processes in high-pressure dense diesel sprays and its impact on multi-dimensional diesel engine simulation have been evaluated against experimental observations, along with the influence of the liquid breakup models and the sensitivity of model parameters on diesel sprays and diesel engine simulations. It is found that the modified Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH)–Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) breakup model gives the most reasonable predicted results in both engine simulation and high-pressure diesel spray simulation. For the standard KH-RT model, the model constant Cbl for the breakup length has a significant effect on the predictability of the model, and a fixed value of the constant Cbl cannot provide a satisfactory result for different operation conditions. The Taylor-analogy-breakup (TAB) based models and the RT model do not provide reasonable predictions for the characteristics of high-pressure sprays and simulated engine performance and emissions.
Keywords breakup model      diesel engine      high-pressure injection      simulations     
Corresponding Author(s): Xianguo LI   
Just Accepted Date: 31 March 2016   Online First Date: 17 May 2016    Issue Date: 27 May 2016
 Cite this article:   
Yi REN,Xianguo LI. Assessment and validation of liquid breakup models for high-pressure dense diesel sprays[J]. Front. Energy, 2016, 10(2): 164-175.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-016-0407-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2016/V10/I2/164
Engine Caterpillar 3401E single cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE)
Bore×stroke/mm 137.2 ×165.1
Compression ratio 16.1:1
Displacement/L 2.44
Connecting rod length/mm 261.6
Squish height/mm 1.57
Intake valve closing/(°) ATDC –143
Exhaust valve opening/(°) ATDC 130
Tab.1  Engine specifications [17]
Injector type Electronic unit injector (EUI)
Maximum injection pressure/MPa 190
Number of nozzle holes 6
Nozzle hole diameter/mm 0.214
Included spray angle 130˚
Injection rate shape Rising
Tab.2  Injection system parameters [17]
Fig.1  Schematic of different liquid breakup models considered in this paper [2]

(a) KH model; (b) RT model; (c) KH-RT hybrid model

Physical process Model
Drop collision NTC model [11]
Drop turbulent dispersion O’Rourke turbulent dispersion model
Drop vaporization Amsden-Chiang model [23]
Ignition and combustion (Only used in the engine simulation) Shell+characteristic time combustion (CTC) model [24]
Pollutant formation (Only used in the engine simulation) Extended Zel’dovich model &Hiroyasu-NS coxidation soot model [25,26]
Tab.3  Other sub-models implemented in this paper
Fig.2  Grid resolutions (The experimental image is taken from Ref. [16])

(a) Corresponding simulated results; (b) sprays injected into constant-volume vessel using the KH-RT hybrid breakup model

Injection pressure/MPa Injection duration/ms Ambient temperature/K Ambient density/(kg·m–3) Injector diameter Dn/mm
180 1.0 950 60 0.1
Tab.4  Conditions for fuel sprays injected into a constant volume vessel considered in this paper
Case Breakup Model
1 KH-RT modified model
2 KH-RT model with the breakup length constant Cbl=10 in Eq. (20)
3 KH-RT model with Cbl=20 in Eq. (20)
4 KH-RT model with Cbl=40 in Eq. (20)
5 TAB model (without the drop size distribution)
6 TAB-CHI model (with the chi-squared drop size distribution)
7 TAB-RR model (with the Rosin-Rammler drop size distribution)
Tab.5  Different breakup models evaluated in this paper
Fig.3  A comparison of predicted and measured liquid spray tip penetration for fuel injected into constant-volume vessel at an ambient gas temperature of Ta = 950 K and an ambient gas density of ρa = 60 kg/ m3
Fig.4  Simulated results of vapor phase spray in constant-volume vessel at an ambient gas temperature of Ta = 950 K, an ambient gas density of ρa = 60 kg/ m3,and an injection time of 0.5 ms after the start of injection
Fig.5  Simulated results of liquid spray mass in constant-volume vessel at an ambient gas temperature of Ta = 950 K and an ambient gas density of ρa = 60 kg/ m3
Fig.6  Simulated results of liquid phase spray in constant-volume vessel at an ambient gas temperature of Ta = 950 K, an ambient gas density of ρa = 60 kg/ m3,and an injection time of 0.5 ms after the start of injection
Fig.7  Effect of liquid breakup models on numerical results for isosurface of turbulent kinetic energy ( κ , κ = 150 J/kg) of ambient gas in constant-volume vessel
Engine speed Start of injection/(˚) ATDC Injection duration EGR/% Intake pressure/kPa Intake temperature/K
821 –9 5.5˚ 48.34 103 393
Tab.6  Engine operating conditions for experimental study conducted by Klingbeil, et al. [17]
Fig.8  Comparison of the present numerical simulation employing different liquid breakup models with experimental results obtained by Klingbeil, et al. [17]

(a) In-cylinder pressure history; (b) heat release rates (HRR)

Fig.9  Numerically simulated distributions of in-cylinder equivalence ratio and simulated in-cylinder spray at a crank angle of –5˚ ATDC
Fig.10  Comparison of soot and NOx emissions between present numerical simulation employing different liquid breakup models and experimental results obtained by Klingbeil, et al. [17]
1 Badami M, Nuccio P, Trucco G. Influence of injection pressure on the performance of a diesel engine with a common rail fuel injection system. SAE Paper, 1999, Paper No.1999-01-0193
2 Baumgarten C. Mixture Formation in Internal Combustion Engines. Berlin: Springer, 2006
3 Felice E C, Bianca M V, Giuseppe E C. Potential of multiple injection strategy for low emission diesel engines. SAE Paper, 2002, Paper No. 2002-01-1150
4 Reitz R D. Modeling atomization processes in high-pressure vaporizing sprays. Atomization and Spray Technology, 1987, 3(4): 309–337
5 Reitz R D, Bracco F V. Mechanism of Breakup of Round Liquid Jets, Cheremisnoff N ed. The Encyclopedia of Fluid mechanics. Houston: Gulf Publishing, 1986, 233–249
6 Taylor G I. The Instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their planes. Proceedings of the Royal Sociaty A, 1950, 201(1065): 532–536
7 Senecal P K, Richard K J, Pomraning E. A new parallel cut-cell cartesian CFD code for rapid grid generation applied to in-cylinder diesel engine simulations. SAE Paper, 2007, Paper No. 2007-01-0159
8 Senecal P K. Development of a methodology for internal combustion engine design using multi-dimensional modeling with validation through experiments. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000
9 O’Rourke P J, Amsden A A. The TAB method for numerical calculation of spray droplet breakup. SAE Paper, 1987, Paper No. 872089
10 O’Rourke P J, Amsden A A. A spray/wall interaction submodel for the KIVA-3 wall film model. SAE Paper, 2000, Paper No. 2000-01-0271
11 Schmidt D P, Rutland C J. A new droplet collision algorithm. Journal of Computational Physics, 2000, 164(1): 62–80
https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.2000.6568
12 Sone K, Menon S. Effect of subgrid modeling on the in-cylinder unsteady mixing process in a direct injection engine. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2003, 125(2): 435–443
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1501918
13 Hori T, Senda J, Kuge T, Fujimoto H. Large eddy simulation of non-evaporative and evaporative diesel spray in constant volume vessel by use of KIVALES. SAE Paper, 2006, Paper No. 2006-01-3334
14 Larmi M, Tiainen J. Diesel spray simulation and KH-RT wave model. SAE Paper, 2003, Paper No. 2003-01-3231
15 Fujimoto H, Hori T, Senda J. Effect of breakup model on diesel spray structure simulated by large eddy simulation. SAE Paper, 2009, Paper No. 2009-24-0024
16 Su W, Sun T, Guo H. Quantitative study of concentration and temperature of a diesel spray by using planar laser induced exciplex fluorescence technique. SAE Paper, 2010, Paper No. 2010-01-0878
17 Klingbeil A E, Juneja H, Ra Y, Reitz R. Premixed diesel combustion analysis in a heavy-duty diesel engine. SAE Paper, 2003, Paper No. 2003-01-0341
18 Wilcox D C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. California: DCW Industries, 1994
19 Han Z, Reitz R D. Turbulence modeling of internal combustion engines using RNG κ-εmodels. Combustion Science and Technology, 1995, 106(4-6): 267–295
https://doi.org/10.1080/00102209508907782
20 Launder B E, Spalding D B. Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, 1972
21 Yakhot V, Smith L M. The renormalization group, the E-expansion and derivation of turbulence models. Journal of Scientific Computing, 1992, 7(1): 35–61
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01060210
22 Ren Y, Li X G. Numerical study on combustion and emissions characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. In: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute–Canadian Section. Montreal, Canada, 2009, 18–23
23 Chiang C H, Raju M S, Sirignano W A. Numerical analysis of a convecting, vaporizing fuel droplet with variable properties. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1992, 35(5): 1307–1324
https://doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(92)90186-V
24 Xin J, Montgomery D, Han Z, Reitz R D. Multidimensional modeling of combustion for a six-mode emissions test cycle on a DI diesel engine. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1997, 119: 683–691
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2817041
25 Hiroyasu H, Kadota T. Models for combustion and formation of nitric oxide and soot in direct injection diesel engines. SAE Paper, 1976, Paper No.760129
26 Nagle J, Strickland-Constable R F. Oxidation of carbon between 1000–2000°C. In: Proceedings of the 5th Carbon Conference. Elsevier Inc., 1962, 154–164
27 Abani N, Munnannur A, Reitz R D. Reduction of numerical parameter dependencies in diesel spray models. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2002, 130: 032809-1–9
[1] Rui JIA,Ke TAO,Qiang LI,Xiaowan DAI,Hengchao SUN,Yun SUN,Zhi JIN,Xinyu LIU. Influence of using amorphous silicon stack as front heterojunction structure on performance of interdigitated back contact-heterojunction solar cell (IBC-HJ)[J]. Front. Energy, 2017, 11(1): 96-104.
[2] Lingge SUI, Zhongchang LIU, Yongqiang HAN, Jing TIAN. Transient emission simulation and optimization of turbocharged diesel engine[J]. Front Energ, 2013, 7(2): 237-244.
[3] Wu YU, Gen CHEN, Zuohua HUANG. Influence of cetane number improver on performance and emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-methanol blend[J]. Front Energ, 2011, 5(4): 412-418.
[4] Ni ZHANG, Zuohua HUANG, Xiangang WANG, Bin ZHENG. Combustion and emission characteristics of a turbo-charged common rail diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends[J]. Front Energ, 2011, 5(1): 104-114.
[5] Yi REN, Ehab ABU-RAMADAN, Xianguo LI, . Numerical simulation of biodiesel fuel combustion and emission characteristics in a direct injection diesel engine[J]. Front. Energy, 2010, 4(2): 252-261.
[6] HUANG Yongcheng, WANG Shangxue, ZHOU Longbao. Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine[J]. Front. Energy, 2008, 2(3): 261-267.
[7] PENG Haiyong, CUI Yi, SHI Lei, DENG Kangyao. Effects of EGR on combustion process of DI diesel engine during cold start[J]. Front. Energy, 2008, 2(2): 202-210.
[8] HAN Yongqiang, LIU Zhongchang, WANG Zhongshu, ZHU Ruoqun. High pressure air spray assistant power supply control strategies and their effects on diesel engine under transient operations[J]. Front. Energy, 2007, 1(3): 295-299.
[9] WU Tao, ZHANG Wugao, FANG Junhua, HUANG Zhen. Emission characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine fueled with gas-to-liquids[J]. Front. Energy, 2007, 1(3): 331-335.
[10] HUANG Yongcheng, ZHOU Longbao, PAN Keyu. Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine fueled with Fischer-Tropsch diesel[J]. Front. Energy, 2007, 1(2): 239-244.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed