A review of Pt-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

doi:10.1007/s11708-017-0466-6

Front. Energy

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (3) : 268-285 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-017-0466-6

REVIEW ARTICLE

A review of Pt-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Changlin ZHANG, Xiaochen SHEN, Yanbo PAN, Zhenmeng PENG(

)

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA

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Abstract

Development of active and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains one challenge for the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology. Pt-based nanomaterials show the greatest promise as electrocatalyst for this reaction among all current catalytic structures. This review focuses on Pt-based ORR catalyst material development and covers the past achievements, current research status and perspectives in this research field. In particular, several important categories of Pt-based catalytic structures and the research advances are summarized. Key factors affecting the catalyst activity and durability are discussed. An outlook of future research direction of ORR catalyst research is provided.

Keywords oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis platinum catalyst activity durability

Corresponding Author(s): Zhenmeng PENG

Just Accepted Date: 07 April 2017 Online First Date: 10 May 2017 Issue Date: 07 September 2017

Cite this article:

Changlin ZHANG,Xiaochen SHEN,Yanbo PAN, et al. A review of Pt-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Front. Energy, 2017, 11(3): 268-285.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-017-0466-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2017/V11/I3/268

Fig.2 Influence of the surface morphology and electronic surface properties on the kinetics of ORR. RRDE measurements for ORR in HClO₄ ?(0.1 M) at 333 K with 1600 revolutions per minute on Pt₃Ni (hkl) surfaces as compared to the corresponding Pt (hkl) surfaces (a horizontal dashed gray line marks specific activity of polycrystalline Pt) are shown. Specific activity is given as a kinetic current density?i_k, measured at 0.9 V versus RHE. Values of? d-band center position obtained from UPS spectra are listed for each surface morphology and compared between corresponding Pt₃Ni(hkl) and Pt(hkl) surfaces (modified with permission from Ref. [29], copyright 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science)

Fig.3 Volcano plots and free-energy diagrams for the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt-based transition metal alloys

Fig.4 Octahedral Pt_1.5Ni, PtNi and PtNi_1.5 nanoparticles in dimethyfomamide (DMF) solvent

Fig.5 Schematic illustration of the formation of octahedral Pt–Ni nanoparticles on C support in CO and H₂ mixture, and (a) ORR polarization curves; (b, c) active area and mass-specified ORR current densities (j_area ?and? j_mass) of PtNi/C, Pt_1.5Ni/C, Pt₂Ni/C, Pt₃Ni/C, Pt₄Ni/C, and commercial Pt/C; (d) cyclic voltammograms; (e) ORR; (f)? j_area ?and? j_mass ?of Pt_1.5Ni/C and commercial Pt/C after accelerated stability tests (modified with permission from Ref. [34], copyright 2014 American Chemical Society)

Fig.6 Representative HAADF-STEM images of the (a) Pt₃Ni/C and (b) Mo-Pt₃Ni/C catalysts; (c,?d) HRTEM images on individual octahedral (c) Pt₃Ni/C and (d) Mo-Pt₃Ni/C nanocrystals; (e,?f) EDS line-scanning profile across individual (e) Pt₃Ni/C and (f) Mo-Pt₃Ni/C octahedral nanocrystals; (g) Pt, Ni, and Mo XPS spectra for the octahedral Mo‐Pt₃Ni/C catalyst; (h) cyclic voltammograms of octahedral Mo-Pt₃Ni/C, octahedral Pt₃Ni/C, and commercial Pt/C catalysts;(i) ORR polarization curves; (j) the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA, top), specific activity (middle), and mass activity (bottom) at 0.9 V versus RHE for these transition metal–doped Pt₃Ni/C catalysts. (modified with permission from Ref. [41], copyright 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science)

Fig.7 Schematic views and electrochemical properties of polycrystalline Pt₅M (M= lanthanide or alkaline earth metal) electrocatalysts and structure of Pt₅M. Three-dimensional view of the Pt₅M structure (a) during sputter-cleaning and (b) after electrochemistry; (c) Kinetic current density before and after a stability test consisting of 10000 cycles; (d?and?e) schematic view of the bulk structure of a Pt₅M (illustrated for Pt₅Tb), showing Pt₅Tb terminated by (d) a Pt and Tb intermixed layer and (e) a Pt kagome layer. Purple spheres represent Tb atoms, and gray spheres represent Pt atoms; (f) relation between the lattice parameter?a ?of Pt₅M measured by XRD and the covalent radius of the lanthanide atoms (modified with permission from Ref. [44], copyright 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science)

Fig.8 Size effect of Pt nanoparticles on the ORR properties

Fig.9 Size effect of octahedral Pt-Ni nanoparticles on the ORR activities

Fig.10 ORR properties of atomic Pt layers on transition metal nitride

Fig.11 Intermetallic FePt nanoparticles and the electrocatalytic properties in ORR

Fig.12 Pt₃Ni nanoframes and the electrocatalytic properties in ORR

Fig.13 Electrocatalytic properties of jagged Pt nanowires in ORR

Fig.14 HRTEM image of octahedral Pt_2.5Ni nanoparticles and its ORR area specific activity and mass activity of icosahedral and octahedral Pt₃Ni compared to commercial Pt/C (modified with permission from Ref. [71], copyright 2013 ACS)

Fig.15 HRTEM image of Pt–Ni icosahedral nanocrystals, atomic structures of Pt icosahedral clusters, area specific activity and mass activity of icosahedral and octahedral Pt₃Ni and corresponding surface strain fields (modified with permission from Ref. [72], copyright 2012ACS)

Fig.16 Design principle for ORR core-shell catalyst

Fig.17 Summaries on synthesis approaches for the preparation of core–shell nanoparticle catalysts. Electrochemical (acid) dealloying/leaching results in (a) dealloyed Pt bimetallic core–shell nanoparticles and (b) Pt-skeleton core–shell nanoparticles, respectively. Reaction process routes generate segregated Pt skin core–shell nanoparticles induced either by (c) strong binding to adsorbates or (d) thermal annealing. The preparation of (e) heterogeneous colloidal core–shell nanoparticles and (f) Pt monolayer core-shell nanoparticles is via heterogeneous nucleation and UPD followed by galvanic displacement, respectively (modified with permission from Ref. [74], copyright 2013 ACS)

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