Synthesis of magnetic carbonaceous acid derived from waste garlic peel for biodiesel production via esterification

doi:10.1007/s11708-022-0836-6

Front. Energy

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (1) : 176-187 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-022-0836-6

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Synthesis of magnetic carbonaceous acid derived from waste garlic peel for biodiesel production via esterification

Hewei YU, Jinke WU, Wei WEI, Xingyu ZHANG, Changzai REN, Yaoqi DONG, Shen CHENG(

)

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China

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Abstract

Waste biomass-supported magnetic solid acids have particular advantages in catalyst separation. First, a novel magnetic carbonaceous catalyst was synthesized from waste garlic peel (GP) via in situ impregnation before conducting carbonization at 450–600°C and sulfonation at 105°C. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized. It was found that the magnetism of the catalyst increased with the carbonization temperature. The optimized catalyst, carbonized at 600°C (C600-S), possessed an excellent magnetization value of 12.5 emu/g, with a specific surface area of 175.1 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.16 cm³/g, and an acidic property of 0.74 mmol/g -SO₃H density. By optimizing the esterification conditions to produce biodiesel, an oleic acid conversion of 94.5% was achieved at w(catalyst dosage) = 10% (w is mass fraction), a molar ratio of n(methanol): n(oleic acid) = 10: 1 (n is the amount of substance), and a reaction for 4 h at 90°C. Further, for catalyst regeneration, it was found that sulfuric acid treatment was more effective for improving the esterification activity than solvent washing, with which a conversion of more than 76% was achieved after the third run.

Keywords garlic peel (GP) magnetic carbonaceous acid esterification biodiesel

Corresponding Author(s): Shen CHENG

Online First Date: 27 September 2022 Issue Date: 29 March 2023

Cite this article:

Hewei YU,Jinke WU,Wei WEI, et al. Synthesis of magnetic carbonaceous acid derived from waste garlic peel for biodiesel production via esterification[J]. Front. Energy, 2023, 17(1): 176-187.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-022-0836-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2023/V17/I1/176

Tab.1 Values of proximate and ultimate analyses of GP

Fig.1 XRD patterns of the magnetic catalysts obtained at different carbonization temperatures.

Fig.2 Hysteresis curves of the catalysts obtained at different carbonization temperatures.

Tab.2 Microstructural parameters and acid density of the carbonaceous materials

Fig.3 N₂ adsorption characterization.

Fig.4 SEM images.

Fig.5 TEM images of C600-S catalyst.

Fig.6 TGA and DTG curves of C600-S catalyst.

Fig.7 XPS survey spectra of the C600-S catalyst.

Fig.8 FTIR spectra of C600 and C600-S catalyst.

Fig.9 Effect of alcohol type on the esterification (reaction conditions: 90°C; 4 h; n(alcohol): n(oleic acid) = 10: 1; w(catalyst dosage) = 8%).

Fig.10 Optimization of esterification conditions.

Fig.11 Reusability test of C600-S catalyst using different regeneration methods.

Fig.12 XPS survey spectrum of reused C600-S catalyst.

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