Oxidative stress and diabetes: antioxidative strategies
Pengju Zhang1, Tao Li1, Xingyun Wu1, Edouard C. Nice2, Canhua Huang1(), Yuanyuan Zhang1()
1. Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China 2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Considerable recent evidence suggests that the cellular reduction–oxidation (redox) imbalance leads to oxidative stress and subsequent occurrence and development of diabetes and related complications by regulating certain signaling pathways involved in β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Reactive oxide species (ROS) can also directly oxidize certain proteins (defined as redox modification) involved in the diabetes process. There are a number of potential problems in the clinical application of antioxidant therapies including poor solubility, storage instability and non-selectivity of antioxidants. Novel antioxidant delivery systems may overcome pharmacokinetic and stability problem and improve the selectivity of scavenging ROS. We have therefore focused on the role of oxidative stress and antioxidative therapies in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Precise therapeutic interventions against ROS and downstream targets are now possible and provide important new insights into the treatment of diabetes.
Catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides to H2O and lipid alcohols
[68]
Vitaminic antioxidants
?Vitamin C
Scavenges free radicals
[69]
?Vitamin E
Scavenges lipid peroxide radicals in membranes
[71]
?Vitamin D
Modulates the expression of antioxidants
[155]
?Vitamin B9
Inhibits NOX4/Vav2/NLRP3 signaling
[156]
Other antioxidants
?GSH
Scavenges free radicals
[157]
?CoQ10
Improves mitochondrial dysfunction
[158]
?NAC
Reduces glutathione
[159]
?LA
Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
[160]
?Trace elements
Involves in redox cycling reactions
[27]
Tab.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Antioxidative strategies
Main functions
References
Lifestyle interventions
?Exercise
Increases muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and enhances NO bioavailability
[161]
?Dietary
Decreases uptake of free fatty acids
[142]
NDDS
?Microparticle
Promotes the entry of antioxidants with poor membrane permeability
[143]
?Nanoparticle
Increases the bioavailability of antioxidants
[144]
?Liposome
Improves antioxidative capacity of antioxidants
[145]
Agents targeting ROS sources
?MitoQ-TPP
Prevents mitochondrial oxidative damage
[162]
?TEMPOL
Prevents mitochondrial oxidative damage and improves tissue oxygenation
[163]
?GKT137831
Inhibits the activation of caspase-3 and cell death resulted from high glucose
[148]
Agents targetingredox modification
?Bardoxolone methyl
Regulates the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway through Keap1 post-translational modification
[150]
?tBHQ
Regulates the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway through Keap1 post-translational modification
[151]
?Selenocompounds
Modifies PKC C-terminal catalytic domain and inhibits cellular PKC activity
[152]
Tab.2
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