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Frontiers of Medicine

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Front. Med.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (3) : 416-437    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0852-7
REVIEW
Challenges and opportunities in improving left ventricular remodelling and clinical outcome following surgical and trans-catheter aortic valve replacement
Xu Yu Jin1,2(), Mario Petrou3,4, Jiang Ting Hu2, Ed D Nicol4,6, John R Pepper3,4,5
1. Surgical Echo-Cardiology Services, Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
2. Cardiac Surgical Physiology and Genomics Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
3. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
4. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
5. NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London W2 1NY, UK
6. Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
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Abstract

Over the last half century, surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) has evolved to offer a durable and efficient valve haemodynamically, with low procedural complications that allows favourable remodelling of left ventricular (LV) structure and function. The latter has become more challenging among elderly patients, particularly following trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Precise understanding of myocardial adaptation to pressure and volume overloading and its responses to valve surgery requires comprehensive assessments from aortic valve energy loss, valvular-vascular impedance to myocardial activation, force-velocity relationship, and myocardial strain. LV hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis remains as the structural and morphological focus in this endeavour. Early intervention in asymptomatic aortic stenosis or regurgitation along with individualised management of hypertension and atrial fibrillation is likely to improve patient outcome. Physiological pacing via the His-Purkinje system for conduction abnormalities, further reduction in para-valvular aortic regurgitation along with therapy of angiotensin receptor blockade will improve patient outcome by facilitating hypertrophy regression, LV coordinate contraction, and global vascular function. TAVI leaflet thromboses require anticoagulation while impaired access to coronary ostia risks future TAVI-in-TAVI or coronary interventions. Until comparable long-term durability and the resolution of TAVI related complications become available, SAVR remains the first choice for lower risk younger patients.
Keywords surgical aortic valve replacement      trans-catheter aortic valve implantation      left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis      myocardial force-velocity relationship      His-Purkinje pacing      renin-angiotensin system inhibitors      coronary access impairment     
Corresponding Author(s): Xu Yu Jin   
Just Accepted Date: 12 April 2021   Online First Date: 28 May 2021    Issue Date: 18 June 2021
 Cite this article:   
Xu Yu Jin,Mario Petrou,Jiang Ting Hu, et al. Challenges and opportunities in improving left ventricular remodelling and clinical outcome following surgical and trans-catheter aortic valve replacement[J]. Front. Med., 2021, 15(3): 416-437.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-021-0852-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2021/V15/I3/416
Fig.1  (A) Left ventricular (LV) pressure-dimension loop constructed from simultaneous recordings of left ventricular cavity pressure and circumferential dimension. The loop area represents the external work done on the circulation by the segment studied. The area of the rectangle (a, b, c, and d) that just encloses the loop represents the maximal possible work that could have been done by the ventricle over the same range of pressure and dimension. Cycle efficiency is defined as the ratio of loop area to that of the rectangle and reflects the efficiency of energy transfer. Loop (B), a typical example of the change in cycle efficiency (CE) before, and loop (C), 20 h after aortic valve replacement (AVR) from a patient with aortic stenosis. The lower cycle efficiency before AVR (52%) is due to abnormal dimension lengthening during isovolumic contraction and dimension shortening during isovolu- mic relaxation. These abnormalities are no longer present 20 h after AVR, and cycle efficiency has increased to 81%. Reprinted with permission from Jin et al., Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 1142–1146.
Fig.2  (A) Peak velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (peak Vcf) plotted against mean left ventricular (LV) systolic circumferential wall stress, before relief of aortic stenosis. Note that there is an inverse significant linear correlation between the two in coordinate ventricles (closed circles, r = − 0.71, P<0.01) but not in incoordinate ones (open circles, r = − 0.45, P>0.05). Demonstrating the importance of coordination in order to preserve the force-velocity relationship. (B) Peak Vcf plotted against LV cycle efficiency, before relief of aortic stenosis. Note that there is no significant correlation between the two in coordinate ventricles (closed circles, r = − 0.27, P>0.05) but in incoordinate ventricles (open circles) peak Vcf correlated positively (r = − 0.65, P<0.02) with cycle efficiency. Reprinted with permission from Jin et al., Heart, 1996; 76: 495–501.
Fig.3  Event rates are shown over 5 years after TAVR according to baseline severity of LVH (sex-specific categories of no, mild, moderate, or severe LVH) for the composite of CV death or rehospitalization. CV, cardiovascular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Modified with permission from Gonzales et al., JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2020; 13(11): 1329−1339.
Fig.4  Cumulative percentage of the different degree of post-TAVI aortic regurgitation assessed with quantitative aortography. The incidence of mild to moderate AR was ranged in 20% to 70% with average above 50%. Second generation TAVI devices have significantly reduced the incident of moderate to severe AR but not of mild AR except for the Lotus valve. Reprinted from from Modolo et al., JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2020; 13(11): 1303−1311.
Fig.5  Five-year absolute risk for all-cause mortality after trans-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVA) for patients with new bundle branch block (BBB), new permanent pacemaker (PPM) or no conduction abnormalities (CA). Note that the BBB group was associated with a constant attrition rate early after TAVR while the PPM group started departure from the No-CA group from 18 months afterword and became inline with BBB group by 5 years. Modified with permission from Jørgensen et al., JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2019; 12(1): 52−61.
Fig.6  Success rates, reduction in QRS duration and improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction with His-Purkinje conduction system pacing. AV, atrioventricular; EF, ejection fraction; HB, His bundle; HBP, His bundle pacing; HPCSP, His-Purkinje conduction system pacing; LBBAP, left bundle branch area pacing; LBB, left bundle branch; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Reprinted with permission from Vijayaraman et al., J Am Coll Cardiol EP, 2020; 6(6): 649–657.
Fig.7  Kaplan–Meier curves displaying cardiovascular mortality in patients with myocardial fibrosis below (black) and above (red) the median. Patients with significant myocardial fibrosis were associated with much worse survival after TAVI. Modified with permission from Puls et al., Eur Heart J, 2020; 41(20): 1903−1914.
Fig.8  Long-term survival curves after SAVR in propensity matched groups that were stratified by RAS blockade therapy. Patients on the therapy were associated with a better long-term survival. Each symbol represents a death, and vertical bars represent 95% CIs estimated by Kaplan–Meier method. Solid lines are parametric estimates enclosed within a 95% confidence band. RAS, renin–angiotensin system; SAVR, surgical aortic valve replacement. Modified with permission from Goel et al., Ann Intern Med, 2014; 161(10): 699−710.
Fig.9  (A) All-cause 30-day to 1-year mortality after aortic valve replacement as a function of systolic blood pressure is analyzed in Cox proportional hazard models using restricted cubic splines technique. This identified worsening outcome for those with systolic blood pressure below 115−120 mmHg. (B) All-cause 30-day to 1-year mortality after aortic valve replacement as a function of diastolic blood pressure is analyzed in Cox proportional hazard models using restricted cubic splines technique. This identified worsening outcome for those with diastolic blood pressure below 55−60 mmHg. Modified with permission from Lindman et al., J Am Heart Assoc, 2019; 8(21): 100−129.
Fig.10  Concept of impaired coronary access after TAVI-in-TAVI. After the implantation of a single TAVI prosthesis, catheters can reach the coronary ostium through its open-cell stent frame (A and B). The implantation of a second device inside the previous pushes and spreads out the old leaflets along the stent, making it “covered” and not crossable anymore (C and D). The loss of stent free-flow together with the overlap of the 2 metallic stent frames even above the leaflet level will impair catheter navigation inside the aortic root and coronary cannulation. Modified with permission from Buzzatti et al., JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020; 13(2 Pt 1): 508−515.
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