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Frontiers of Medicine

ISSN 2095-0217

ISSN 2095-0225(Online)

CN 11-5983/R

Postal Subscription Code 80-967

2018 Impact Factor: 1.847

Front. Med.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (6) : 969-974    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0912-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Cross-sectional prevalence and pattern of non-anaemia severe malaria among 2–10 year olds in Sokoto in Northwestern Nigeria
Usman Nasir Nakakana1(), Ridwan Muhammad Jega2, Aliyu Mamman Nauzo3, Yahya Mohammed4, Ismaila Mohammed Ahmed5
1. Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara 220, The Gambia
2. Department of Paediatrics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto 234, Nigeria
3. Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi 234, Nigeria
4. Department of Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 234, Nigeria
5. Department of Community Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto 234, Nigeria
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Abstract

Malaria is highly prevalent in Nigeria and accounts for approximately 40% of global malaria mortality. However, most reports on severe malaria in Nigeria are from hospital-based studies without accurate information from communities; thus, malaria-related deaths in the community are left untracked. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and pattern of severe malaria in a community in Northwestern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2–10-year-old children in Sokoto, in August and December 2016, to determine the endemicity of malaria based on Plasmodium falciparum prevalence rate (PfPR2-10) and to describe the disease pattern. Severe malaria was diagnosed according to the World Health Organisation criteria. Data were described using Stata version 15. The prevalence of non-anaemia severe malaria was higher than expected (2.6%), considering the endemicity pattern which was mesoendemic based on a PfPR2-10 of 34.8%. The mean age of children with severe malaria was 3.73 years, and the male–female ratio was 2:1. However, 54.0% of the patients had hyperparasitaemia. A relatively high prevalence of non-anaemia severe malaria was found in Wamakko. This finding suggests the need to identify and treat cases in the community using modifications of current strategies, particularly seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis.

Keywords severe malaria      nigeria      malaria mortality      PfPR2-10      intermediate malaria transmission     
Corresponding Author(s): Usman Nasir Nakakana   
Just Accepted Date: 12 July 2022   Online First Date: 14 October 2022    Issue Date: 16 January 2023
 Cite this article:   
Usman Nasir Nakakana,Ridwan Muhammad Jega,Aliyu Mamman Nauzo, et al. Cross-sectional prevalence and pattern of non-anaemia severe malaria among 2–10 year olds in Sokoto in Northwestern Nigeria[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(6): 969-974.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-021-0912-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2022/V16/I6/969
Season N Splenomegaly Parasite positivity
Present prevalence (%) Absent prevalence (%) Present prevalence (%) Absent prevalence (%)
Rainy season 511 215 (42.1) 296 (57.9) 252 (49.3) 259 (50.7)
Dry season 506 157 (31.0) 349 (69.0) 102 (20.2) 404 (79.8)
Total 1017 372 (36.6) 645 (63.4) 354 (34.8) 663 (65.2)
Tab.1  Prevalence of malaria by PfPR2-10 and spleen rate estimation
Season N Complicated malaria prevalence (%)
Rainy season 511 24 (4.7)
Dry season 506 2 (0.4)
Total 1017 26 (2.6)
Tab.2  Prevalence of severe malaria across seasons
Fig.1  Age distribution of children with severe malaria.
Age (completed years) Female, n (%) Male, n (%) Total, n (%)
2 3 (11.5) 9 (34.6) 12 (46.2)
3 2 (7.7) 2 (7.7) 4 (15.4)
4 1 (3.9) 1 (3.9) 2 (7.7)
5 2 (7.7) 2 (7.7) 4 (15.4)
7 0 (0.0) 1 (3.9) 1 (3.9)
8 1 (3.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (3.9)
9 0 (0.0) 2 (7.7) 2 (7.7)
Total 9 (34.6) 17 (65.4) 26 (100.0)
Tab.3  Age and sex prevalence of severe malaria
Fig.2  Box plot of parasite counts of children with severe malaria by season.
Season Parasitaemia level
No parasitaemia, n (%) Non-hyperparasitaemia, n (%) Hyperparasitaemia, n (%)
Rainy season (n=511) 259 (50.7) 239 (46.8) 13 (2.5)
Dry season (n=506) 404 (79.8) 101 (20.0) 1 (0.2)
Overall (N=1017) 663 (65.2) 340 (33.4) 14 (1.4)
Tab.4  Level of parasitaemia amongst subjects according to season
Clinical features Children with features (n) Proportion of subjects (%)
Prostration 19 73.1
Vomiting 16 61.5
Multiple convulsions 10 38.5
Coma 4 15.4
Dehydration 1 3.8
Fever 24 92.3
Cough 3 11.5
Diarrhoea 3 11.5
Headache 4 15.4
Pallor 5 19.2
Tab.5  Clinical features of children with severe malaria
Fig.3  Scatter diagram of parasite density against temperature.
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