Cutting performance of surgical electrodes by constructing bionic microstriped structures

doi:10.1007/s11465-022-0728-9

Front. Mech. Eng.

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (1) : 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-022-0728-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Cutting performance of surgical electrodes by constructing bionic microstriped structures

Kaikai LI¹, Longsheng LU¹(

), Huaping CHEN², Guoxiang JIANG¹, Huanwen DING^3,⁴, Min YU⁵, Yingxi XIE¹

¹. School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
². Testing and Technology Center for Industrial Products of Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen 518067, China
³. South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
⁴. Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
⁵. Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China

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Abstract

Surgical electrodes rely on thermal effect of high-frequency current and are a widely used medical tool for cutting and coagulating biological tissue. However, tissue adhesion on the electrode surface and thermal injury to adjacent tissue are serious problems in surgery that can affect cutting performance. A bionic microstriped structure mimicking a banana leaf was constructed on the electrode via nanosecond laser surface texturing, followed by silanization treatment, to enhance lyophobicity. The effect of initial, simple grid-textured, and bionic electrodes with different wettabilities on tissue adhesion and thermal injury were investigated using horizontal and vertical cutting modes. Results showed that the bionic electrode with high lyophobicity can effectively reduce tissue adhesion mass and thermal injury depth/area compared with the initial electrode. The formation mechanism of adhered tissue was discussed in terms of morphological features, and the potential mechanism for antiadhesion and heat dissipation of the bionic electrode was revealed. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of groove depth on tissue adhesion and thermal injury and then verified the antiadhesion stability of the bionic electrode. This study demonstrates a promising approach for improving the cutting performance of surgical electrodes.

Keywords surgical electrodes tissue adhesion thermal injury bionic structures cutting performance medical tools

Corresponding Author(s): Longsheng LU

Just Accepted Date: 01 September 2022 Issue Date: 26 April 2023

Cite this article:

Kaikai LI,Longsheng LU,Huaping CHEN, et al. Cutting performance of surgical electrodes by constructing bionic microstriped structures[J]. Front. Mech. Eng., 2023, 18(1): 12.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/10.1007/s11465-022-0728-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/Y2023/V18/I1/12

Fig.1 Surface morphology, wettability, and antiadhesion principle of the banana leaf.

Fig.2 Surgical electrode: (a) components and dimensions and (b) schematic of laser surface texturing. “CUT” and “COAG” represent the two functions of the surgical electrode, which mean cutting and coagulation, respectively.

Fig.3 Cutting experiments: (a) working diagram of the electrosurgical system, (b) three-axis displacement platform for cutting soft tissue, (c) horizontal cutting mode, and (d) vertical cutting mode.

Fig.4 Scanning electron microscopy images and three-dimensional topographies of surgical electrodes with different types: (a) initial electrode-P1, (b) simple grid-textured electrode-P2, and (c) bionic electrode-P3.

Fig.5 Plasma contact angle on different types of surgical electrodes. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, ns: not significant, ***p < 0.001.

Fig.6 Tissue adhesion in the horizontal cutting mode: (a) diagram of the cutting process, (b) photographs of tissue adhesion on the electrode surface, and (c) tissue adhesion mass. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.001.

Fig.7 Surface morphology of adhered tissue on electrode surfaces after horizontal cutting: (a) scanning electron microscopy images of adhered tissue (insets show the pores on adhered tissue) and (b) corresponding formation mechanism of pores. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane.

Fig.8 Antiadhesion mechanism of bionic microstriped structures: (a) cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images of adhered tissue on electrode surfaces and (b) schematic of tissue adhesion. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane.

Fig.9 Thermal injury in the horizontal cutting mode: (a) photographs of the liver tissue incision, (b) thermal injury depth, and (c) heat dissipation model of the bionic electrode with high lyophobicity. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, ns: not significant, **p < 0.01.

Fig.10 Tissue adhesion in the vertical cutting mode: (a) diagram of the cutting mechanism, (b) optical images of tissue adhesion on the surgical electrode, and (c) corresponding tissue adhesion mass. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

Fig.11 Surface morphology of adhered tissue on electrode surfaces after vertical cutting: (a) scanning electron microscopy images of adhered tissue (insets show microcracks) and (b) corresponding formation mechanism of microcracks. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane.

Fig.12 Cross-sectional morphology of adhered tissue on electrode surfaces. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane.

Fig.13 Thermal injury in the vertical cutting mode: (a) optical images of the liver tissue incision and (b) thermal injury area. PFTS: perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane. ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, and **p < 0.01.

Fig.14 Influence of groove depth on tissue adhesion and thermal injury: (a) three-dimensional topography of bionic electrodes with different groove depths, (b) groove profile, (c) changes in surface roughness and groove depth after various laser scanning times, (d) plots of tissue adhesion mass and thermal injury depth with groove depth in the horizontal cutting mode, (e) corresponding cross-sectional SEM image of surgical electrodes and the thermal injury they caused, (f) plots of tissue adhesion mass and thermal injury area with groove depth in the vertical cutting mode, and (g) corresponding photography of the tissue adhesion on surgical electrodes and their induced annular thermal injury.

Fig.15 Effect of groove depth on antiadhesion stability in (a) horizontal and (b) vertical cutting modes.

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