Recent progresses on optical arbitrary waveform generation

doi:10.1007/s12200-014-0470-y

Front. Optoelectron.

2014, Vol. 7

Issue (3) : 359-375 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-014-0470-y

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent progresses on optical arbitrary waveform generation

Ming LI^1,^*(

),José AZA?A²,Ninghua ZHU¹,Jianping YAO³

1. State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT) 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada
3. Microwave Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada

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Abstract

This paper reviews recent progresses on optical arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) techniques, which could be used to break the speed and bandwidth bottlenecks of electronics technologies for waveform generation. The main enabling techniques for optically generating optical and microwave waveforms are introduced and reviewed in this paper, such as wavelength-to-time mapping techniques, space-to-time mapping techniques, temporal pulse shaping (TPS) system, optoelectronics oscillator (OEO), programmable optical filters, optical differentiator and integrator and versatile electro-optic modulation implementations. The main advantages and challenges of these optical AWG techniques are also discussed.

Keywords optical arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) wavelength-to-time mapping optoelectronics oscillator (OEO) temporal pulse shaping (TPS) system optical differentiator and integrator electro-optic modulation

Corresponding Author(s): Ming LI

Online First Date: 25 August 2014 Issue Date: 09 September 2014

Cite this article:

Ming LI,José AZA?A,Ninghua ZHU, et al. Recent progresses on optical arbitrary waveform generation[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2014, 7(3): 359-375.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-014-0470-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2014/V7/I3/359

Fig.1 Schematic showing of a microwave arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) system based on optical spectral shaping and wavelength-to-time mapping (SS-WTT) technique

Fig.2 Schematic of a chirped microwave waveform generator using a TFBG based on spectral shaping and wavelength-to-time mapping (SS-WTT) mapping. MLL: mode-locked laser; TFBG: tilted fiber Bragg grating; PD: photodetector [51]

Fig.3 (a) A temporal interferometer for a chirped microwave waveform generation. An LCFBG is incorporated in the interferometer, and a DCF is used to stretch the two pulse from the interferometer. (b) Experimental result (ΔL = 4 cm): the generated linearly chirped microwave waveform (solid+ red line) and the instantaneous frequency (blue dots) (1) without pumping, and (2) with optical pumping. Dashed line: linear curve fitting of the instantaneous frequency. Experimental results (ΔL = 0 cm): the generated linearly chirped microwave waveform (solid+ red line) and the instantaneous frequency (blue dots) (3) without pumping, and (4) with optical pumping. Dashed line: linear curve fitting of the instantaneous frequency. LCFBG: linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating, LD: laser diode; MLL: mode-locked laser; ATT: attenuator; DL: delay line; OSC: oscilloscope; PD: photodetector; DCF: dispersion compensating fiber; OC: optical circulator [60]

Fig.4 Schematic showing of an arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) system based on direct space-to-time (DST) techniques: (a) based on free space optics; (b) based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and long period gratings (LPGs) [55]

Fig.5 Simulated (a) and experimentally (b) measured output time-domain amplitude (solid blue curves) and phase (solid green curves) responses of the fabricated long period gratings (LPGs) [55]

Fig.6 Schematic showing of an arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) techniques based on a temporal pulse shaping (TPS) system. MZM: Mach-Zehnder modulator

Fig.7 Experimental setup of a temporal pulse shaping (TPS) -based symmetric arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) sytem. AWG: arbitrary waveform generator; MLL: mode-locked laser; SMF: single mode fiber; EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier; MZM: Mach-Zehnder modulator; DCF: dispersion compensating fiber; SO: sampling oscilloscope; PD: photodetector [63]

Fig.8 (a) Target optical waveform at the output of the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and the calculated modulation signal; (b) measured spectrum of the optical signal at the output of the MZM and its fitting curve with the square of a Sinc function; (c) simulated waveform at the output of the dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) and its autocorrelation; (d) measured autocorrelation (solid line) at the output of the DCF, the recovered waveform (dotted line) from the measured optical autocorrelation, and its simulated autocorrelation (dashed line) [63]

Fig.9 (a) Schematic showing of a proposed unbalanced temporal pulse shaping (TPS) system for chirped microwave pulse generation; (b) generated chirped microwave waveform with different chirp rates. MLL: mode locked laser; DE1: the first dispersive element; MZM: Mach-Zehnder modulator; DE2: the second dispersive element; DE3: the third dispersive element; PD: photodetector [64]

Fig.10 Schematic showing of an OEO for microwave waveform generation. MZM: Mach-Zehnder modulator; PD: photodetector; EA: electrical amplifier

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of the proposed frequency-tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). MZM: Mach-Zehnder modulator; PD: photodetector; EA: electrical amplifier [68]

Fig.12 (a) Electrical spectrum of the generated 4.09 GHz microwave signal. The frequency span is 10 GHz and the resolution bandwidth (RBW) is 1 MHz. The inset gives a zoom-in view of the 4.09 GHz microwave signal; (b) phase noise measurement of the generated 4.09 GHz microwave signal [68]

Fig.13 Schematic showing of optical arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) system based on (a) a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)-based programmable optical signal processor; (b) in-phase/quadrature (IQ) modulation of an optical frequency comb [69]

Fig.14 Experimental setup for Airy pulses generation based on a programmable optical filter. The plot in the pulse shaper schematically shows the cubic phase structure wrapped between -π and π where the circle indicates its center. Experimental results (blue solid curve) and theoretical prediction (red dashed curve) of frequency shift control in (a) large-effective area?fibers (LEAFs) and (b) dispersion shifted fibers (DSFs); (c) and (d) plot the positions of the spectral notch and peak relative to the center of the cubic phase structure, corresponding to (a) and (b), respectively. EDFA: erbium doped fiber amplifier; OSA: optical spectrum analyzer [70]

Fig.15 (a) Scheme of the experimental set-up for LCOS-based programmable optical filtering of a frequency comb from a silicon nitride microring; (b) experimental results of the optical arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) [96]. FPC: fiber polarization controller; μring: silicon nitride microring; EDFA: erbium doped fiber amplifier; OSA, optical spectrum analyzer

Fig.16 Schematic showing of the input and output signals of an optical differentiator and integrator

Fig.17 Part of the fabricated on-chip complemeritary metal-oxide semiconductor?(CMOS)-compatible Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based optical differentiator and the experimental results. (a) Transmission spectrum and (b) its zoom-in view of the fabricated MZI; (c) spectral magnitude and (d) phase responses along one of the device’s resonances; (e) optical spectrum of an optical pulse before and after the optical differentiator; (f) generated flat-top pulse [75]

Fig.18 (a) Schematic diagram of a wavelength-selective directional coupler; (b) magnitude and phase responses of the fabricated directional coupler; (c.1) spectra of a femtosecond pulse before and after propagation through the fabricated directional coupler when the pulse carrier wavelength is shifted from the central resonance wavelength by ~8 nm; (c.2) time-domain intensity profiles of the input pulse, the measured output pulse and the numerical ideal output [75]

Fig.19 (a) Schematic showing of the proposed binary phase-coded microwave signal generation system; illustration of operation principle in (b) frequency domain and (c) polarization domain. TLs: tunable lasers; EOPM: electro-optic phase modulator; MSG: microwave signal generator; POF: programmable optical filter; EDFA: erbium doped fiber amplifier; PC: polarization controller; POLM: polarization modulator; BERT: bit error rate tester; EA: electrical amplifier; PM-FBG: polarization maintaining fiber Bragg grating; PD: photodetector; OSC: oscilloscope; PS: polarization state [94]

Fig.20 (a) Generated 18-GHz binary phase-coded signal; (b) recovered phase information from the binary phase-coded microwave signal in (a); (c) binary phase-coded signals and (d) calculated autocorrelation of the signal with a carrier frequency of 18 GHz [94]

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