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Front. Optoelectron.    2016, Vol. 9 Issue (3) : 450-465    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0557-8
REVIEW ARTICLE
Asymmetric directional couplers based on silicon nanophotonic waveguides and applications
Daoxin DAI(),Shipeng WANG
State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Abstract

Directional couplers (DCs) have been playing an important role as a basic element for realizing power exchange. Previously most work was focused on symmetric DCs and little work was reported for asymmetric directional couplers (ADCs). In recently years, silicon nanophotonic waveguides with ultra-high index contrast and ultra-small cross section have been developed very well and it has been shown that ADCs based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanophotonic waveguides have some unique ability for polarization-selective coupling as well as mode-selective coupling, which are respectively very important for polarization-related systems and mode-division-mulitplexing systems. In this paper, a review is given for the recent progresses on silicon-based ADCs and the applications for power splitting, polarization beam splitting, as well as mode conversion/(de)multiplexing.
Keywords silicon photonics      asymmetric directional couplers (ADCs)      polarization-division multiplexing (PDM)      mode-division multiplexing (MDM)      polarization beam splitter (PBSs)     
Corresponding Author(s): Daoxin DAI   
Online First Date: 13 September 2016    Issue Date: 28 September 2016
 Cite this article:   
Daoxin DAI,Shipeng WANG. Asymmetric directional couplers based on silicon nanophotonic waveguides and applications[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2016, 9(3): 450-465.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-016-0557-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2016/V9/I3/450
Fig.1  (a) SEM image of the present five-microring filter with bent couplers; (b) SEM image of the bent coupler used here [59]
Fig.2  (a) Simulated power coupling ratio of the bent coupler as the angle q of the coupling region increases when w1=0.35 mm, R1=5.455 mm, w2=0.425 mm, and R2=4.886 mm; (b) coupling ratio of the inter-ring coupler as the gap width wgap varies when choosing R2=4.886 mm and w2=0.425 mm [59]
Fig.3  Measured (thin curves) and simulated (thick curves) responses of the optical filters with (a) three microrings and (b) five microrings. The insets are the SEM images of the filers [59]
Fig.4  (a) Schematic configuration of the PBS based on an ADC with three optical waveguides; (b) effective indices of the guided-modes in a SOI nanowire with hco=220 nm. The simulated light propagation when the light is launched into the PBS (c) for TE polarization and (d) for TM polarization, respectively. The calculated wavelength dependence of the designed PBS when the input is (e) the TM0 mode, and (f) the TE0 mode. The parameters are: hco=220 nm, w1=410 nm, w2=1.195 mm, wg=300 nm, Lc1=11.3 mm, Lc2=12.7 mm, and L0= –3 mm [39]
Fig.5  An bent ADC consisting of two bent waveguides with different core widths [40]
Fig.6  Optical path lengths (OPL) as the waveguide width varies when R2=20 mm: (a) TM, (b) TE; light propagation in the designed bent coupler with R1=19.3 mm, R2=20.0 mm, w1=0.534 mm, w2=0.46 mm, and wg=203 nm: (c) TM, (d) TE. The SOI wafer has a silicon thickness of hco=220 nm, and the refractive indices of Si, SiO2, and air are assumed to be nSi=3.455, nSiO2=1.445, and nair=1.0 respectively [40]
Fig.7  An ultra-short PBS based on a bent ADC. (a) Schematic configuration; (b) SEM picture. The light propagation in the designed PBS with Ldc=4.5 mm, R1=19.3 mm, R2=20.0 mm, w1=0.534 mm, w2=0.46 mm, and wg=203 nm: (c) TM, (d) TE. The wavelength dependence of the PBSs: (e) TM, (f) TE [40]
Fig.8  PBS based on an ADC consisting of a SOI nanowire and a nano-slot waveguide: (a) SEM picture; (b) cross section; (c) calcualted effective indices of a SOI nanowire and a nano-slot waveguide as the core width (wSi, wco) varies; (d) light propagation in the designed PBS with wco=0.4 mm, wSi=0.26 mm, hco=250 nm, wslot=60 nm, and wg=100 nm [43]
Fig.9  (a) Cross section of a silicon hybrid plasmonic waveguide with field enhancement in the low index region [49]; (b) schematic configuration of an ADC with a hybrid nanoplasmonic waveguide [47]; (c) cross section of the coupling region of the ADC; (d) 3D-FDTD simulation result for the light propagation in the designed PBS when the input is TE or TM respectively
Fig.10  (a) Calculated effective indices of the guided-modes in an SOI strip nanowire with hco=220 nm; the FDTD simulated light propagation in the designed ith stage ADC with (b) i=1, (c) i=2, and (d) i=3; (e) schematic configuration of the mode converter-multiplexer with 4 channels [86]
Fig.11  (a) SEM picture for the 4×1 mode multiplexer and 1×4 mode demultiplexer integrated on the same chip; measured responses at output ports (O1, O2, O3, and O4) when light is input from the port of (b) I1, (c) I2, (d) I3, and (e) I4 [86]
Fig.12  (a) 8-channel hybrid multiplexer enabling mode- and polarization-division-(de)multiplexing simultaneously; (b) the fabricated 8-channel hybrid multiplexer [91]
Fig.13  A 18-channel PDM-WDM hybrid (de)multiplexer (a) and the measurement responses of all the channels (b)
Fig.14  A 64-channel MDM-WDM hybrid multiplexer (a) and the measurement results (b) [94]
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