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Frontiers of Optoelectronics

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Front. Optoelectron.    2016, Vol. 9 Issue (3) : 466-482    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0558-7
REVIEW ARTICLE
Integrated liquid crystal photonic bandgap fiber devices
Kaiwei LI,Ting ZHANG,Nan ZHANG,Mengying ZHANG,Jing ZHANG,Tingting WU,Shaoyang MA,Junying WU,Ming CHEN,Yi HE,Lei WEI()
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Abstract

Liquid crystal photonic bandgap (LCPBG) fibers provide a versatile and robust platform for designing optical fiber devices, which are highly tunable and exhibit novel optical properties for manipulation of guided light. We review the research progress on design, fabrication and development of integrated LCPBG fiber devices.
Keywords photonic crystal fibers (PCFs)      fiber devices      liquid crystal (LC) devices     
Corresponding Author(s): Lei WEI   
Just Accepted Date: 27 January 2016   Online First Date: 26 April 2016    Issue Date: 28 September 2016
 Cite this article:   
Kaiwei LI,Ting ZHANG,Nan ZHANG, et al. Integrated liquid crystal photonic bandgap fiber devices[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2016, 9(3): 466-482.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-016-0558-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2016/V9/I3/466
Fig.1  Polarization optical microscopy images of different LCs in a single capillary. (a) and (b) E7; (c) and (d) MDA-00-3969; (e) and (f) MLC-6608 [10–12]
Fig.2  Transmission spectrum of LMA-13 fiber filled with MDA-00-3969
Fig.3  (a) Cross-section of the LCPBG fiber device. Dotted lines show the direction of electric field effectively applied to the LCPBG fiber; (b) SEM image of the fabricated device [30]
Fig.4  Normalized transmission spectra of the polarizer at 0 Vrms together with the polarization dependent transmission spectra for different ECs. (a) EC1, (b) EC2, and (c) EC3 at the effective driving voltage of 50 Vrms [30]
Fig.5  (a) Chip assembly of the LPG device; (b) SEM image of the fabricated device [69]
Fig.6  (a) Transmission bandgap in the wavelength range 1140−1660 nm with and without the voltage by using unpolarized light; (b) spectral position of the loss peak at 1471 nm as a function of temperature. The inset shows the change of the refractive indices of E7 as a function of temperature; (c) measured response time as a function of driving voltage [69]
Fig.7  (a)−(e) Phase shift in the Poincare sphere for EC1 when a driving voltage from 90 to 210 Vrms is applied to the device at 30°C by launching 1550 nm polarized laser light; (f) phase shift in the Poincare sphere for EC1, EC2 and EC3 with the driving voltage of 210 Vrms [70]
Fig.8  (a) Transmission spectrum of individual LC filled section. The yellow region is the overlap of two spectra; (b) device assembly of the bandpass filter. MDA-00-3969 is in a 45° splayed alignment and MLC-6884 is in a 90° splayed alignment [71]
Fig.9  (a) Transmission spectra of the device when the driving voltage of MLC-6884 filled PCF2 changes and no voltage is applied to MDA-00-3969 filled PCF1; (b) transmission spectra of the device when the driving voltage of MDA-00-3969 filled PCF1 changes and 90 Vrms is applied to MLC-6884 filled PCF2; (c) transmission spectra of the device when the driving voltages of two LCPBG fibers are changed simultaneously [71]
Fig.10  (a) Transmission spectrum of the LCPBG fiber device with different applied voltages. The black dotted line is the optical carrier at 1510 nm used in experiments; (b) experimental setup for investigating the RF phase shift or time delay in the LCPBG fiber device [72]
Fig.11  (a) RF phase shift and relative RF power change as a function of the driving voltage for different modulation frequencies; (b) RF phase shift and corresponding time delay as a function of the modulation frequency for different driving voltages [72]
Fig.12  All-spliced laser cavity setup from the left: cavity mirror, LCPBG fiber device, pump/signal combiner with single-mode signal feed-through, Yb-doped PCF, long wave pass filter, and OSA. Bottom left: the assembly of LCPBG fiber device. Bottom right: schematic of 6+ 1:1 pump/signal combiner [73]
Fig.13  Laser transmission spectra compared to bandgap transmission spectra for (a) 0 Vrms, (b) 150 Vrms, and (c) 160 Vrms; (d) laser spectra of the cavity for different applied voltages [73]
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