|
|
Design and simulation to improve the structural efficiency of green light emission of GaN/InGaN/AlGaN light emitting diode |
Sakhawat HUSSAIN(), Tasnim ZERIN, Md. Ashik KHAN |
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh |
|
|
Abstract This study considered the design of an efficient, high brightness polar InGaN/GaN light emitting diode (LED) structure with AlGaN capping layer for green light emission. The deposition of high In (>15%) composition within InGaN quantum well (QW) has limitations when providing intense green light. To design an effective model for a highly efficient InGaN green LEDs, this study considered the compositions of indium and aluminum for InxGa1−xN QW and AlyGa1−yN cap layers, along with different layer thicknesses of well, barrier and cap. These structural properties significantly affect different properties. For example, these properties affect electric fields of layers, polarization, overall elastic stress energy and lattice parameter of the structure, emission wavelength, and intensity of the emitted light. Three models with different composition and layer thicknesses are simulated and analyzed to obtain green light with in-plane equilibrium lattice parameter close to GaN (3.189 Å ) with the highest oscillator strength values. A structure model is obtained with an oscillator strength value of 1.18×10−1 and least in-plane equilibrium lattice constant of 3.218 Å. This emitter can emit at a wavelength of 540 nm, which is the expected design for the fabrication of highly efficient, bright green LEDs.
|
Keywords
green light emitting diode (LED)
lattice parameter
oscillator strength
InGaN quantum well (QW)
AlGaN capping layer
|
Corresponding Author(s):
Sakhawat HUSSAIN
|
Just Accepted Date: 30 June 2017
Online First Date: 09 August 2017
Issue Date: 21 December 2017
|
|
33 |
Thränhardt A, Ell C, Khitrova G , Gibbs H M . Relation between dipole moment and radiative lifetime in interface fluctuation quantum dots. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2002, 65(3): 035327
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.65.035327
|
34 |
Bretagnon T, Lefebvre P, Valvin P , Bardoux R , Guillet T , Taliercio T , Gil B, Grandjean N, Semond F , Damilano B , Dussaigne A , Massies J . Radiative lifetime of a single electron-hole pair in GaN/ AlN quantum dots. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2006, 73(11): 113304
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.113304
|
35 |
Narukawa Y, Sano M, Ichikawa M , Minato S , Sakamoto T , Yamada T , Mukai T . Improvement of luminous efficiency in white light emitting diodes by reducing a forward-bias voltage. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2007, 46(40): L963–L965
https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.46.L963
|
36 |
Meneghini M, Tazzoli A, Mura G , Meneghesso G , Zanoni E . A review on the physical mechanisms that limit the reliability of GaN-based LEDs. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2010, 57(1): 108–118
https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2009.2033649
|
37 |
Bernardini F, Fiorentini V, Vanderbilt D . Spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric constants of III-V nitrides. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 1997, 56(16): R10024–R10027
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.56.R10024
|
38 |
Bernardini F, Fiorentini V. First-principles calculation of the piezoelectric tensor d of III–V nitrides. Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 80(22): 4145–4147
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1482796
|
1 |
Nakamura S, Fasol G. The Blue Laser Diode. Berlin: Springer, 1997
|
2 |
Krames M R, Shchekin O B, Mueller-Mach R, Mueller G O , Zhou L, Harbers G, Craford M G . Status and future of high-power light-emitting diodes for solid-state lighting. Journal of Display Technology, 2007, 3(2): 160–175
https://doi.org/10.1109/JDT.2007.895339
|
3 |
Narukawa Y, Ichikawa M, Sanga D , Sano M, Mukai T. White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy. Journal of Physics D, Applied Physics, 2010, 43(35): 354002
https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/35/354002
|
4 |
Crawford M H. LEDs for solid-state lighting: performance challenges and recent advances. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2009, 15(4): 1028–1040
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2013476
|
5 |
Langer T, Kruse A, Ketzer FA , Schwiegel A , Hoffmann L , Jönen H , Bremers H , Rossow U , Hangleiter A . Origin of the “green gap”: increasing nonradiative recombination in indium-rich GaInN/GaN quantum well structures. Physica Status Solidi (C), 2011, 8(7−8): 2170–2172
https://doi.org/10.1002/pssc.201001051
|
6 |
Zhu M, You S, Detchprohm T , Paskova T , Preble E A , Wetzel C . Various misfit dislocations in green and yellow GaInN/GaN light emitting diodes. Physica Status Solidi (A), 2010, 207(6): 1305–1308
|
7 |
Tessarek C, Figge S, Aschenbrenner T , Bley S, Rosenauer A, Seyfried M , Kalden J , Sebald K , Gutowski J , Hommel D . Strong phase separation of strained InxGa1−xN layers due to spinodal and binodal decomposition: Formation of stable quantum dots. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2011, 83(11): 115316
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.115316
|
8 |
Qi Y D, Liang H, Wang D , Lu Z D , Tang W, Lau K M. Comparison of blue and green InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, 86(10): 101903
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1866634
|
9 |
Na J H, Taylor R A, Lee K H, Wang T, Tahraoui A , Parbrook P , Fox A M , Yi S N , Park Y S , Choi J W , Lee J S . Dependence of carrier localization in InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum wells on well thickness. Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 89(25): 253120
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2423232
|
10 |
Sato H, Tyagi A, Zhong H , Fellows N , Chung R B , Saito M , Fujito K , Speck J S , DenBaars S P , Nakamura S . High power and high efficiency green light emitting diode on free-standing semipolar (112) bulk GaN substrate. Physica Status Solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters, 2007, 1(4): 162–164
|
11 |
Schwarz U T, Kneissl M. Nitride emitters go nonpolar. Physica Status Solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters, 2007, 1(3): A44–A46
|
12 |
El-Masry N A, Piner E L, Liu S X, Bedair S M. Phase separation in InGaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Applied Physics Letters, 1998, 72(1): 40–42
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.120639
|
13 |
Pristovsek M, Kadir A, Meissner C , Schwaner T , Leyer M , Kneissl M . Surface transition induced island formation on thin strained InGaN layers on GaN (0001) in metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy. Journal of Applied Physics, 2011, 110(7): 073527
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3647782
|
14 |
Adachi M. InGaN based green laser diodes on semipolar GaN substrate. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2014, 53(10): 100207
https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.53.100207
|
15 |
Koslow I L, Hardy M T, Shan Hsu P, Dang P Y , Wu F, Romanov A, Wu Y R , Young E C , Nakamura S , Speck J S , DenBaars S P . Performance and polarization effects in (112) long wavelength light emitting diodes grown on stress relaxed InGaN buffer layers. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 101(12): 121106
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4753949
|
16 |
Strauß U, Avramescu A, Lermer T , Queren D , Gomez-Iglesias A , Eichler C , Müller J , Brüderl G , Lutgen S . Pros and cons of green InGaN laser on c-plane GaN. Physica Status Solidi (B), 2011, 248(3): 652–657
|
17 |
Arif R A, Ee Y K, Tansu N. Polarization engineering via staggered InGaN quantum wells for radiative efficiency enhancement of light emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters, 2007, 91(9): 091110
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2775334
|
18 |
Zhao H, Tansu N. Optical gain characteristics of staggered InGaN quantum wells lasers. Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 107(11): 113110
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3407564
|
19 |
Han S H, Cho C Y, Lee S J, Park T Y, Kim T H, Park S H, Won Kang S, Won Kim J , Kim Y C , Park S J . Effect of Mg doping in the barrier of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well on optical power of light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 96(5): 051113
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3302458
|
20 |
Shioda T, Yoshida H, Tachibana K , Sugiyama N , Nunoue S . Enhanced light output power of green LEDs employing AlGaN interlayer in InGaN/GaN MQW structure on sapphire (0001) substrate. Physica Status Solidi (A), 2012, 209(3): 473–476
|
21 |
Lefebvre P, Taliercio T, Morel A , Allègre J , Gallart M , Gil B, Mathieu H, Damilano B , Grandjean N , Massies J . Effects of GaAlN barriers and of dimensionality on optical recombination processes in InGaN quantum wells and quantum boxes. Applied Physics Letters, 2001, 78(11): 1538–1540
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1352664
|
22 |
Lu H M, Chen G X. Design strategies for mitigating the influence of polarization effects on GaN-based multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes. Journal of Applied Physics, 2011, 109(9): 093102
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3580510
|
23 |
Zhao H, Arif R A, Ee Y K, Tansu N. Self-consistent analysis of strain-compensated InGaN-AlGaN quantum wells for lasers and light-emitting diodes. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2009, 45(1): 66–78
https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2008.2004000
|
24 |
Tsai C L, Fan G C, Lee Y S. Effects of strain-compensated AlGaN/InGaN superlattice barriers on the optical properties of InGaN light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics A, Materials Science & Processing, 2011, 104(1): 319–323
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-6140-z
|
25 |
Koleske D D, Fischer A J, Bryant B N, Kotula P G, Wierer J J. On the increased efficiency in InGaN-based multiple quantum wells emitting at 530–590 nm with AlGaN interlayers. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2015, 415: 57–64
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.12.034
|
26 |
Saito S, Hashimoto R, Hwang J , Nunoue S . InGaN light-emitting diodes on c-face sapphire substrates in green gap spectral range. Applied Physics Express, 2013, 6(11): 111004
https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.6.111004
|
27 |
Hwang J I, Hashimoto R, Saito S , Nunoue S . Development of InGaN-based red LED grown on (0001) polar surface. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(7): 071003
https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.7.071003
|
28 |
Doi T, Honda Y, Yamaguchi M , Amano H . Strain-compensated effect on the growth of InGaN/AlGaN multi-quantum well by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2013, 52(8S): 08JB14
https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.52.08JB14
|
29 |
Damilano B, Kim-Chauveau H, Frayssinet E , Brault J , Hussain S , Lekhal K , Vennéguès P , Mierry P D , Massies J . Metal organic vapor phase epitaxy of monolithic two-color light-emitting diodes using an InGaN-based light converter. Applied Physics Express, 2013, 6(9): 092105
https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.6.092105
|
30 |
Lekhal K, Damilano B, Ngo H T , Rosales D , Mierry P D , Hussain S , Vennéguès P , Gil B. Strain-compensated (Ga,In)N/(Al,Ga)N/GaN multiple quantum wells for improved yellow/amber light emission. Applied Physics Letters, 2015, 106(14): 142101
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4917222
|
31 |
Damilano B, Gil B. Yellow–red emission from (Ga,In)N heterostructures. Journal of Physics D, Applied Physics, 2015, 48(40): 403001
https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/40/403001
|
32 |
Lekhal K, Hussain S, Mierry P D , Vennéguès P , Nemoz M , Chauveau J M , Damilano B . Optimized In composition and quantum well thickness for yellow-emitting (Ga,In)N/GaN multiple quantum wells. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2016, 434: 25–29
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.10.026
|
39 |
Bernardini F, Fiorentini V. Polarization fields in nitride nanostructures: 10 points to think about. Applied Surface Science, 2000, 166(1–4): 23–29
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(00)00434-7
|
40 |
Nikolaev V V, Portnoi M E, Eliashevich I. Photon recycling white light emitting diode based on InGaN multiple quantum well heterostructure. Physica Status Solidi (A), 2001, 183(1): 177–182
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|