Microperforation of the human nail plate by radiation of erbium lasers

doi:10.1007/s12200-017-0719-3

Front. Optoelectron.

2017, Vol. 10

Issue (3) : 299-307 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-017-0719-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Microperforation of the human nail plate by radiation of erbium lasers

Andrey V. BELIKOV(

), Andrey N. SERGEEV, Sergey N. SMIRNOV, Anastasia D. TAVALINSKAYA

Department of Laser Technologies and Systems, Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia

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Abstract

The nail plate forms a barrier that limits the effectiveness of drug delivery in the treatment of nail diseases and prevents the outflow of fluid in the case of subungual hematoma formation. Microperforation of the nail plate through laser radiation can increase the effectiveness of drug delivery and ensure the possibility of blood outflow.

This study detected and identified the type and threshold of effects that arise from exposing the nail plate to Yb,Er:Glass (l= 1.54 µm) and Er:YLF (l= 2.81 µm) laser radiation. The rate and efficiency of nail plate ablation by the radiation of these lasers were studied. The effect of the storage time of a freshly extracted nail plate in open air on its ablation rate by Er:YLF (l=2.81 µm) laser radiation was also investigated.

The impact of the Yb,Er:Glass and Er:YLF laser pulses on the nail plate caused bleaching, carbonization, ablation with microcrater formation, and microperforation. The laser energy densities W_E (thresholds) required for these effects were determined. The maximum ablation rate for Yb,Er:Glass laser radiation was 8 µm/pulse at W_E= 91±2 J/cm², whereas that for Er:YLF laser radiation was 12 µm/pulse at W_E= 10.5±0.5 J/cm². The maximum ablation efficiency for Yb,Er:Glass laser radiation was 0.1 µm/mJ at W_E = 10.5±0.5 J/cm², whereas that for Er:YLF laser radiation was 4.6 µm/mJ at W_E= 5.3±0.3 J/cm². The laser ablation rate depends on the storage time and conditions of the freshly extracted nail plate. For example, when exposed to Er:YLF laser radiation, the laser ablation rate decreased by half from the initial maximum value in 96 h of air storage and returned to the initial value after 1 h of storage in distilled water.

Keywords Yb Er:Glass laser Er:YLF laser nail plate microperforation ablation rate ablation efficiency dehydration

Corresponding Author(s): Andrey V. BELIKOV

Just Accepted Date: 30 June 2017 Online First Date: 29 August 2017 Issue Date: 26 September 2017

Cite this article:

Andrey V. BELIKOV,Andrey N. SERGEEV,Sergey N. SMIRNOV, et al. Microperforation of the human nail plate by radiation of erbium lasers[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2017, 10(3): 299-307.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-017-0719-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2017/V10/I3/299

Fig.1 Experimental setup for processing the nail plate with Yb,Er:Glass laser radiation (a): 1 – Yb,Er:Glass laser, 2 – Fresnel attenuator, 3 – convex lens F = 11 mm, 4 – nail plate on the glass substrate, 5 – germanium photodetector, and 6 – oscilloscope; (b) temporal structure of the Yb,Er:Glass laser pulse

Fig.2 Experimental setup for processing the nail plate with Er:YLF laser radiation (a): 1 – Er:YLF laser, 2 – convex lens F = 50 mm, 3 – nail plate on the glass substrate, 4 – germanium photodetector, and 5 – oscilloscope; (b) temporal structure of the Er:YLF laser pulse (E = 2 mJ)

Fig.3 Images of the nail plates after the impact of Yb,Er:Glass laser: (a)–(d) top view of the microdamages in the nail plates and (e)–(h) longitudinal sections

Fig.4 Images of the nail plates after the impact of Er:YLF laser: (a)–(d) top view of the microdamages in the nail plates and (e)–(h) longitudinal sections

Fig.5 Dependence of the (a) rate and (b) efficiency of human nail plate ablation on the energy density of Yb,Er:Glass laser radiation (l = 1.54 µm, N = 100)

Fig.6 Dependence of the rate of human nail plate ablation by Er:YLF laser radiation on the pulse number (N)

Fig.7 Dependence of the (a) rate and (b) efficiency of human nail plate ablation on the energy density of Er:YLF laser radiation (l = 2.81 µm, N = 10)

Fig.8 Microcrater images in the nail plate formed by Er:YLF laser radiation after the sample storage in open air (a – 0.5 h; b – 1 h; c – 2 h; d – 4 h; e – 8 h; f – 48 h; g – 72 h; h – 96 h) and (i) after 1 h of storage in water after 96 h of storage in open air

Fig.9 Dependence of the (a) microcrater depth and (b) ablation rate of the nail plate by Er:YLF laser radiation on its storage time in open air and after 1 h of storage in water after 96 h of storage in open air

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