Inkjet printing for electroluminescent devices: emissive materials, film formation, and display prototypes

doi:10.1007/s12200-017-0765-x

Front. Optoelectron.

2017, Vol. 10

Issue (4) : 329-352 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-017-0765-x

REVIEW ARTICLE

Inkjet printing for electroluminescent devices: emissive materials, film formation, and display prototypes

Luhua LAN, Jianhua ZOU, Congbiao JIANG, Benchang LIU, Lei WANG(

), Junbiao PENG(

)

Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

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Abstract

Inkjet printing (IJP) is a versatile technique for realizing high-accuracy patterns in a cost-effective manner. It is considered to be one of the most promising candidates to replace the expensive thermal evaporation technique, which is hindered by the difficulty of fabricating low-cost, large electroluminescent devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). In this invited review, we first introduce the recent progress of some printable emissive materials, including polymers, small molecules, and inorganic colloidal quantum dot emitters in OLEDs and QLEDs. Subsequently, we focus on the key factors that influence film formation. By exploring stable ink formulation, selecting print parameters, and implementing droplet deposition control, a uniform film can be obtained, which in turn improves the device performance. Finally, a series of impressive inkjet-printed OLEDs and QLEDs prototype display panels are summarized, suggesting a promising future for IJP in the fabrication of large and high-resolution flat panel displays.

Keywords inkjet printing (IJP) inks system film formation organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs)

Corresponding Author(s): Lei WANG,Junbiao PENG

Just Accepted Date: 08 November 2017 Online First Date: 01 December 2017 Issue Date: 21 December 2017

Cite this article:

Luhua LAN,Jianhua ZOU,Congbiao JIANG, et al. Inkjet printing for electroluminescent devices: emissive materials, film formation, and display prototypes[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2017, 10(4): 329-352.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-017-0765-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2017/V10/I4/329

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of inkjet printing. (a) Continuous mode; (b) DOD mode

Fig.2 Multilayer LED device structure

Fig.3 Chemical structures of the solution-processable emitters

Fig.4 (a) Quantum dots with core/shell structure; (b) PL spectra of QDs with different size under UV light

Fig.5 (a) Synthesis mechanism of multicolor CQDs via solvothermal methods. (b) Images of multicolor CQDs with (left) and without (right) UV irradiation. Adapted with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (c) Comparison of PLQYs of CdSe/ZnS and CdSe/ZnS/ZnS QDs in solution phase versus solid film. PL decay curve in solution versus in solid film of (d) CdSe/ZnS and (e) CdSe/ZnS/ZnS QDs. Adapted with permission from Ref. [76]

Tab.1 Fluid properties requirements of ink

Fig.6 (a) PL microscopic images of distributed printed dot array on PEI modified substrate (a1–a4: QD inks with volume ratios of 0, 10, 20, and 30% oDBC). (b) 3D morphology image of a1–a4 single dot; (c) PL image of printed lines; (d) 3D morphology image of printed line in (c); (e) film thickness profile of 6 points. Adapted with permission from Ref. [95]

Fig.7 (a) Preparation of patterning PET film by wetting and dewetting treatment. (b) WCA on various post-treatment PET surfaces: (1) untreated PET film, (2) treated by hydrophilic APTMS, (3) treated by hydrophobic 3M Novec 1700, (4) selectively hydrophilic treatment by either O₂/Ar plasma or UV/O₃. (c) IJP test on type b-4 PET film. Adapted with permission from Ref. [102]

year	technique	printed layer	specifications	reference
1998 Hebner et al.	PLED by IJP ^a	EML (polyvinylcarbazol (PVK): coumarin 6/47 (C6/47) or nile red)	far worse than spin coating devices	[108]
2000 Seiko Epson	AM-PLED by IJP	EML (RPPV or PPV)	size: 2 inch pixel size: 11 mm × 82 mm luminance: ~ 30 cd/m² power consumption: ~ 0.7 W	[109]
2002 Philips	PM-PLED by IJP	HTL(PEDOT:PSS) EML(polyfluorenes(PF) and poly phenylene vinylene (PPV))	full color sub-pixel size: 100 mm × 300 mm resolution: 64 × 96	[110]
2004 Philips	AM-PLED (LTPS-TFT) by IJP	HTL (PEDOT:PSS) EML	full color size: 2.6 inch resolution: 176 × RGB × 220 sub-pixel size: 79 µm × 237 µm peak luminance: 250 cd/m² CIE: R (0.66, 034), G (0.39, 0.58), B (0.16, 0.22)	[111]
2004 Philips	AM-PLED (LTPS-TFT) by IJP	HTL (PEDOT:PSS) EML	full color size: 13 inch (16:9) resolution: 576 × RGB × 324 sub-pixel size: 165 µm × 501 µm peak luminance: 600 cd/m² frame rate: 50–60 Hz panel thickness: 1.2–2 mm	[107]
2004 Osram	PM-PLED by IJP	HTL (PEDOT:PSS) EML	full color resolution: 160 × RGB × 128 pixel size: 100 mm × 300 mm refresh rate: 74 Hz	[112]
2006 Samsung and CDT	AM-PLED (a-Si TFT) by IJP	HTL (PEDOT:PSS) EML	full color size: 14.1 inch resolution: 1280 × RGB × 768 pixel size: 80 µm NTSC (%): 53%	[113]
2006 Sharp	AM-PLED (Continuous Grain Silicon backbone) by IJP	HTL (PEDOT:PSS) IL (interlayer) EML (polyfluorenes(PF) type)	full color size: 3.6 inch (16: 9) resolution: 640 × RGB × 360 pixel size: 0.042 mm × 0.126 mm PPI: 202 luminance: 200 cd/m² aperture ratio 24.5%	[114]
2009 Seiko Epson	AM-PLED (LTPS-TFT) by IJP	HTL IL (interlayer) EML	size: 14 inch ppi: 60 aperture ratio: 40% color: 6-bit full color luminance: 200cd/m²	[115]
2013 Zheng et al.	PM-PLED by IJP	Cathode (Ag NPs)	full color display area: 32.97 × 21.03 mm² resolution: 96 × RGB × 64 pixel size: 0.33 mm × 0.33 mm fill factor: 58% gray level: 32 × 32 × 64= 65536	[116]
2013 AU Optronics	AM-OLED (IGZO-TFT) by IJP	HIL HTL EML	full color size: 14 inch resolution: 960 × RGB × 540 PPI: 79 luminance: 200 cd/m² NTSC: 74.8% aperture ratio: 24%	[117]
2014 AU Optronics	AM-PLED (aITZO-TFT) by IJP	HIL HTL EML	full color size: 65 inch (1430 mm × 800 mm) resolution: 1920 × RGB × 1080 ppi: 34 luminance: 200 cd/m² NTSC: 75% aperture ratio: 30%	[118]
2017 JOLED	AM-OLED (LTPS-TFT) (the emitter type is unkown) by IJP	–	full color size: 21.6 inch resolution: 3840 × 2160 ppi: 204 luminance: 350 cd/m² contrast ratio: 1000000: 1 panel thickness: 1.3 mm panel weight: 500 g	[119]
2015 Olivier et al.	SMOLED by IJP	HTL (QUPD) EML (f-CHO-Acr)	display area: 0.44 cm² luminance:<10 cd/m² CE (at 10 V): 0.008 cd/A PE (at 10 V): 0.003 lm/W	[120]
2010 Haverinen et al.	QLED by IJP	EML (RGB QDs)	full color resolution: 640 × 480 peak luminance: 350 cd/m² EQE= 0.24% (at 100 cd/m²)	[121]
2011 Samsung	AM-QLED (HIZO-TFE) by transfer printing	EML (RGB QDs)	full color size: 4 inch resolution: 320 × RGB × 240 ppi: 100 aspect ratio: 4:3 brightness: 100 cd/m² pixel size: 46 µm × 96 µm aperture ratio: 25%	[122]
2015 Kim et al.	QLED by EJP ^b	EML (CdSe/CdZnSeS green or CdSe/CdS/ZnS red QDs)	green QLED: EQE= 2.5%, peak luminance= 36000ced/m² red QLED: EQE= 2.6%, peak luminance= 11250ced/m²	[123]
2016 Han et al.	QLED by IJP	EML (CdSe/CdS/ZnCdS QDs)	turn-on voltage: 2.6 V peak brightness: 2500 cd/m² peak CE: 0.29 cd/A ppi: 73 pixel size: 60 µm × 180 µm	[124]
2017 Liu et al.	QLED by IJP	EML (CdSe/CdS QDs)	turn-on voltage: 1.9 V (red) pixel size: 67 µm × 170 µm ppi: 73	[125]
2017 Jiang et al.	AM-QLED (MOTFT) by IJP	ETL (ZnO NPs) EML (RGB QDs)	size: 2 inch resolution: 200 × RGB × 150 sub-pixel size: 70 µm × 210 µm ppi: 120 aperture ratio: 35%	[126]

Tab.2 Summary of reported printed EL displays (OLEDs and QLEDs)

Fig.8 (a)–(d) Light-on image of the full-color display panels fabricated by inkjet printing; (e) pixel structure for the 200-ppi device; (f) formula of TPP. Adapted with permission from Refs. [111,113,114,118,128]

Fig.9 (a)–(f) Chemical structures of emitters and modified molecules. (g) Schematic illustration of pixel array architecture of full-color panel. (h) Microscopic image of the backplane. PL images of (i) Red, (j) blue and (k) green monochrome displays under UV light. (l) Full-color display under UV light. Adapted with permission from Ref. [116]

Fig.10 Chemical structures of emitters of small molecules [120,135]. (a) QUPD; (b) f-CHO-Acr; (c) TBADN; (d) DPAVBi

Tab.3 Performances of red, green, and blue printable phosphorescent OLEDs

Fig.11 (a) EL image of a 4-inch full-color AM-QLED display. Adapted with permission from Ref. [122]. Copyright © 2011, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (b) PL image of a QD dot array patterned by repeated aligned intaglio transfer printing on a PET substrate. Adapted with permission from Ref. [142]. Copyright © 2011, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (c) EL microscope image of an inkjet-printed red QLED. Adapted with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright © 2016, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (d) Microscopic image of pixel arrays. (Inset: enlarged image of RGB sub-pixels). (e) EL microscopic image of RGB sub-pixel arrays. (f) Photograph of 2-inch full-color AM-QLEDs display. Adapted with permission from Ref. [126]

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