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Frontiers of Optoelectronics

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Front. Optoelectron.    2019, Vol. 12 Issue (4) : 372-381    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-019-0903-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chemical sensing through photonic crystal fiber: sulfuric acid detection
Etu PODDER1, Md. Bellal HOSSAIN1(), Rayhan Habib JIBON1, Abdullah Al-Mamun BULBUL1,2, Himadri Shekhar MONDAL1
1. Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2. Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (ETE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
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Abstract

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for sensing of sulfuric acid is designed and analyzed using Comsol Multiphysics. To analyze the sensor performance, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% H2SO4 solution is placed into the fiber separately and then relative sensitivity, confinement loss, birefringence, effective area etc. are investigated for each solution over wavelength ranging from 0.8 to 1.8 mm. The sensor structure affords moderately high relative sensitivity and around 63.4% sensitivity is achieved for the highest concentration of H2SO4 at the wavelength 1.5 mm in x polarization direction. This PCF model also shows zero confinement loss for all solutions of H2SO4 over wavelength ranging from 1 to 1.35 mm and later on approximately 1.422 × 10−17 dB/km confinement loss is found for the highest concentration of H2SO4 at 1.5 mm wavelength. Besides, higher birefringence is attained when the concentration of sulfuric acid is lower and it is achieved 7.5 × 10−4 at 1.5 mm wavelength. Moreover, higher sensing area is achieved at high concentration of sulfuric acid.
Keywords refractive index      confinement loss      birefringence      relative sensitivity     
Corresponding Author(s): Md. Bellal HOSSAIN   
Just Accepted Date: 25 March 2019   Online First Date: 14 May 2019    Issue Date: 30 December 2019
 Cite this article:   
Etu PODDER,Md. Bellal HOSSAIN,Rayhan Habib JIBON, et al. Chemical sensing through photonic crystal fiber: sulfuric acid detection[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2019, 12(4): 372-381.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-019-0903-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2019/V12/I4/372
Fig.1  Cross-sectional view of proposed PCF geometry
Fig.2  Schematic presentation of (a) light propagation in y polarized direction, and (b) light propagation in x polarized direction
wavelength/µm refractive index of silica
0.8 1.452
0.9 1.451
1.0 1.45
1.1 1.449
1.2 1.448
1.3 1.447
1.4 1.446
1.5 1.445
1.6 1.443
1.7 1.441
1.8 1.439
Tab.1  Wavelength versus refractive index [25]
wavelength /µm refractive index of H2SO4
0% H2SO4 10% H2SO4 20% H2SO4 30% H2SO4 40% H2SO4
0.8 1.329 1.3451 1.3576 1.3701 1.3821
0.9 1.328 1.344 1.3565 1.369 1.381
1.0 1.327 1.343 1.3555 1.368 1.38
1.1 1.326 1.342 1.3545 1.367 1.379
1.2 1.3245 1.3405 1.353 1.3655 1.3775
1.3 1.323 1.339 1.3515 1.364 1.376
1.4 1.321 1.337 1.3495 1.362 1.374
1.5 1.319 1.335 1.3475 1.36 1.372
1.6 1.317 1.333 1.3455 1.358 1.37
1.7 1.3145 1.3305 1.343 1.3555 1.3675
1.8 1.312 1.328 1.3405 1.353 1.365
Tab.2  Sulfuric acids’ concentration versus refractive index [26,27]
Fig.3  Effective refractive index in y polarized direction for different sulfuric acid concentrations
Fig.4  Effective refractive index in x polarized direction for different sulfuric acid concentrations
Fig.5  Birefringence vs. wavelength for different sulfuric acid concentrations
wavelength/µm power ratio
0% H2SO4 10% H2SO4 20% H2SO4 30% H2SO4 40% H2SO4
0.8 46.9 50.67 52.888 55.232 57.132
0.9 52.01 53.285 56.043 57.683 59.199
1.0 55.04 56.566 57.971 59.313 60.572
1.1 56.911 58.108 59.284 60.422 61.497
1.2 58.15 59.173 60.187 61.176 62.113
1.3 59.008 59.905 60.801 61.677 62.508
1.4 59.592 60.396 61.202 61.99 62.737
1.5 59.972 60.705 61.439 62.158 62.839
1.6 60.193 60.87 61.549 62.212 62.839
1.7 60.288 60.922 61.556 62.175 62.759
1.8 60.281 60.88 61.479 62.062 62.611
Tab.3  Sulfuric acids’ concentration vs. power ratio
Fig.6  Relative sensitivity in y polarization direction for different sulfuric acid concentrations
Fig.7  Relative sensitivity in x polarization direction for different sulfuric acid concentrations
Fig.8  Confinement loss vs. wavelength for different sulfuric acid concentrations
Fig.9  Effective area vs. wavelength for different sulfuric acid concentrations
research work birefringence confinement loss relative sensitivity
Ref. [18] 4.90 × 10-4 0.0001 dB/km 9%
Ref. [19] 2.40 × 10-4 0.00000025 dB/km 24%
Ref. [21] 1.53 × 10-3 2.75 × 10-12 dB/km 48%
Ref. [30] 2.16 × 10-4 0.000000279 dB/km −
proposed PCF 7.50 × 10-4 1.422 × 10-17 dB/km 63.5%
Tab.4  Comparison of sensitivity, confinement loss and birefringence among the previous research works and the presented work for different liquids at 1.55 µm wavelength
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