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Frontiers of Optoelectronics

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Front. Optoelectron.    2020, Vol. 13 Issue (3) : 225-234    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1051-x
REVIEW ARTICLE
Self-trapped excitons in two-dimensional perovskites
Junze LI1, Haizhen WANG1(), Dehui LI1,2()
1. School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
2. Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Abstract

With strong electron–phonon coupling, the self-trapped excitons are usually formed in materials, which leads to the local lattice distortion and localized excitons. The self-trapping strongly depends on the dimensionality of the materials. In the three-dimensional case, there is a potential barrier for self-trapping, whereas no such barrier is present for quasi-one-dimensional systems. Two-dimensional (2D) systems are marginal cases with a much lower potential barrier or nonexistent potential barrier for the self-trapping, leading to the easier formation of self-trapped states. Self-trapped excitons emission exhibits a broadband emission with a large Stokes shift below the bandgap. 2D perovskites are a class of layered structure material with unique optical properties and would find potential promising optoelectronic. In particular, self-trapped excitons are present in 2D perovskites and can significantly influence the optical and electrical properties of 2D perovskites due to the soft characteristic and strong electron–phonon interaction. Here, we summarized the luminescence characteristics, origins, and characterizations of self-trapped excitons in 2D perovskites and finally gave an introduction to their applications in optoelectronics.
Keywords self-trapped exciton (STE)      two-dimensional (2D) perovskites      broadband emission      electron–phonon coupling      optoelectronic applications     
Corresponding Author(s): Haizhen WANG,Dehui LI   
Just Accepted Date: 16 July 2020   Online First Date: 27 August 2020    Issue Date: 27 September 2020
 Cite this article:   
Junze LI,Haizhen WANG,Dehui LI. Self-trapped excitons in two-dimensional perovskites[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2020, 13(3): 225-234.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-020-1051-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2020/V13/I3/225
Fig.1  Luminescence characteristics of 2D perovskites. (a) Crystal structure schematics of 2D perovskites. (b) and (c) Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of (BA)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 2D perovskites at (b) room temperature (c) and low temperature. (d) Power-dependent emission intensity of free exciton (blue) and self-trapped exciton (black and red) in (BA)2PbI4 at low temperature. (e) Fluorescence lifetime spectra of the free exciton (green) and self-trapped excitons (red) in (PEA)2PbI4. (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright (2016), American Chemical Society. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [16]. Copyright (2017), The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (c) and (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright (2018), Nature Publishing. (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright (2019), John Wiley & Sons
Fig.2  Band diagram of free exciton and self-trapped excitons. EX is the free exciton. STE is the self-trapped exciton. EB is the self-trapped energy. Three paths toward self-trapped excitons are represented: (1) direct relaxation, (2) thermal activation, and (3) tunneling
Fig.3  Influence of dimension and temperature on self-trapped excitons in 2D perovskite. (a) Temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra of (MA)PbI3 perovskite. (b) Temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra of (BA)2PbI4 2D perovskite. (c) Absorption (dashed lines) and fluorescence spectra (solid lines) of (BA)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n?=?1,?2,?3) perovskite. (d)–(f) Transition absorption spectra of (BA)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n?=?1,?2,?3). (a)–(f) Adapted with permission from Ref. [23]. Copyright (2015), American Chemical Society
Fig.4  Effect of lattice distortion on the intensity of self-trapped excitons. (a) Schematic of the chloride-ion-enhanced lattice distortion. (b) Photoluminescence spectra of 2D perovskite with different ratios of chloride ion. (c) Structure diagram of 2D perovskite with the different organic layers. (d) Photoluminescence spectra of 2D perovskite in (c). (e) Photoluminescence spectra of (PEA)2PbI4 before and after incorporation of tin ions. (a) and (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright (2017), American Chemical Society. (c) and (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright (2017), American Chemical Society. (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright (2019), John Wiley & Sons
Fig.5  Characterization of self-trapped excitons. (a) Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of 2D perovskites at different temperatures. (b) Photocurrent spectra of (BA)2(MA)Pb2I7. (c) Absorption spectra of (BA)2(MA)Pb2I7 at different temperatures. The absorption coefficient is expressed in logarithmic form. Fitting lines indicate the slope of the Urbach tail. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright (2015), American Chemical Society. (b) and (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [22]. Copyright (2019), Nature Publishing
Fig.6  Optoelectronic application based on self-trapped excitons in 2D perovskites. (a) Fluorescence images of 2D perovskites with chloride ions (left) and bromide ions (right). (b)–(d) Absorption and fluorescence spectra of 2D perovskites with (b) chloride ions, (c) bromide ions, and (d) iodide ions. (e) Chromaticity coordinates diagram of the emission in (b)–(d). (f) Structure diagram of a 2D perovskite narrowband photodetector. (g) Narrowband photodetectors in a visible band based on 2D perovskites. (h) Polarization-dependent photocurrent of STEs. (a)–(e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [25]. Copyright (2014), American Chemical Society. (f) and (g) Adapted with permission from Ref. [22]. Copyright (2019), Nature Publishing. (h) Adapted with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright (2019), John Wiley & Sons
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