Terahertz aqueous photonics

doi:10.1007/s12200-020-1070-7

Front. Optoelectron.

2021, Vol. 14

Issue (1) : 37-63 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1070-7

REVIEW ARTICLE

Terahertz aqueous photonics

Qi JIN, Yiwen E, Xi-Cheng ZHANG(

)

The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA

Download: PDF(3380 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Developing efficient and robust terahertz (THz) sources is of incessant interest in the THz community for their wide applications. With successive effort in past decades, numerous groups have achieved THz wave generation from solids, gases, and plasmas. However, liquid, especially liquid water has never been demonstrated as a THz source. One main reason leading the impediment is that water has strong absorption characteristics in the THz frequency regime.

A thin water film under intense laser excitation was introduced as the THz source to mitigate the considerable loss of THz waves from the absorption. Laser-induced plasma formation associated with a ponderomotive force-induced dipole model was proposed to explain the generation process. For the one-color excitation scheme, the water film generates a higher THz electric field than the air does under the identical experimental condition. Unlike the case of air, THz wave generation from liquid water prefers a sub-picosecond (200−800 fs) laser pulse rather than a femtosecond pulse (~50 fs). This observation results from the plasma generation process in water.

For the two-color excitation scheme, the THz electric field is enhanced by one-order of magnitude in comparison with the one-color case. Meanwhile, coherent control of the THz field is achieved by adjusting the relative phase between the fundamental pulse and the second-harmonic pulse.

To eliminate the total internal reflection of THz waves at the water-air interface of a water film, a water line produced by a syringe needle was used to emit THz waves. As expected, more THz radiation can be coupled out and detected. THz wave generation from other liquids were also tested.

Keywords terahertz (THz) wave generation liquid water laser-induced plasma

Corresponding Author(s): Xi-Cheng ZHANG

Just Accepted Date: 27 October 2020 Online First Date: 16 December 2020 Issue Date: 19 April 2021

Cite this article:

Qi JIN,Yiwen E,Xi-Cheng ZHANG. Terahertz aqueous photonics[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2021, 14(1): 37-63.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-020-1070-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2021/V14/I1/37

Fig.1 A generic arrangement for a THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system. Pulses from the femtosecond laser are split at the beam splitter (BS). There is a delay stage used to alter the time of arrival at the THz receiver between the THz pulse and the laser pulse

Fig.2 Photo of the water film. Two aluminum wires are separated by 4 mm. The thickness of the water film is controlled by the water flow rate

Fig.3 Thickness of the water film versus the water flow rate

Fig.4 Experimental set-up for THz wave generation from a water film. Broadband THz wave is generated by tightly focusing the laser beam into a gravity-driven wire-guided free-flowing water film [⁵³]. The water film can be moved in the laser propagation direction by a mechanical translation stage. OAPM, off-axis parabolic mirror. HWP, half-wave plate

Fig.5 Measurements of the THz fields when the water film is translated along the direction of laser propagation [⁵³]. (a) THz waveforms are plotted from curve A to curve C when the water film is before, near, and after the focus, respectively; curve B shows the THz waveform generated from liquid water; curve D is the reference with no water film. Yellow spark and bluish pane represent the plasma and the water film respectively. THz emission angle shown in the figure is not meant to be indicative of actual THz emission pattern. (b) THz waveforms when the water film is moved near the focal point. The 0 position is set to the place with the strongest THz field. Relative positions are listed with the corresponding waveforms. The negative sign means the water film is located after the focal point. The positive sign indicates the opposite case. (c) Comparison between the THz field from water and that from air plasma in the frequency domain. The dashed, solid, and dotted spectra correspond to curve A, curve B, and curve D in (a), respectively. The laser pulse is temporally stretched to 550 fs for these measurements

Fig.6 Comparison of THz waves generated from water and air in the (a) time domain and (b) frequency domain

Fig.7 Energy of p-polarized THz field from liquid water with different linearly optical polarization. 0° and 90° refer to p-polarized and s-polarized optical beam respectively [⁵³]

Fig.8 Normalized THz energy from liquid water as a function of incident optical pulse energy [⁵³]. The water film will be broken if the energy of the excitation pulse is over 420 µJ

Fig.9 THz wave generation from water films with different thicknesses. The refractive index of water at 0.5 THz is calculated to be 2.29 from the time shift of the THz field. The absorption coefficient of water at 0.5 THz is calculated to be 146.2 cm^-¹ from the attenuation of the THz field’s amplitude

Fig.10 Photo of a 120 µm thick water film formed by a water jet with a flat nozzle [⁶²]. The laser beam is focused into the center of the film where is flat and stable

Fig.11 Normalized THz energy as a function of the optical pulse energy [⁶²]. The red line shows a linear fit

Fig.12 2D cross-section of the THz wave generation process in a water film [⁶²]. Intense pulses ionize water at the focal point in the direction of the refracted laser beam. The angle of incidence on the air-water interface is a. The black arrow shows the dipole orientation direction. Due to the total internal reflection at the water-air interface, THz emission at 0.5 THz can be coupled out only when -24.6°<q_t<+ 24.6°

Fig.13 Visualization diagram of laser-induced plasma formation

Fig.14 Illustration of incident angle a and angle of detection b [⁶²]. All angles are defined with respect to the z-axis

Fig.15 THz waveforms generated from a water film with opposite angles of incidence (a =±65°) [⁶²]. The corresponding spectra and dipole approximation illustration are shown in the insets

Fig.16 Simulation result of normalized THz energy I_THz(a, b) using the dipole radiation model [⁶²]. The dashed lines indicate the cases of |a− b| = 90°, which means the detector is located in the plane of the water film. These dash lines separate the plots into three parts, labeled as “B”, “F”, and “B”. “B” and “F” indicate backward and forward propagating THz signal, respectively

Fig.17 THz energy versus the angle of incidence a with b = 0° [⁶²]. The black squares are the data measured by EOS and the blue dots are measured by a Golay cell. Only forward propagating signals can be detected for b = 0°

Fig.18 THz energy versus the angle of incidence a with b = 55° [⁶²]. The blue dots are measured by a Golay cell. Backward propagating signals are detected for -90°<a<-35°

Fig.19 Normalized THz energy from liquid water and air plasma with different pulse duration of the laser beam [⁵³]. Black squares represent the THz energy from liquid water and red dots represent the case of air plasma. The optical pulse duration is at its minimum of 58 fs when no frequency chirp is applied. On the left-hand side of the figure, negative chirps are applied to increase the optical pulse duration while the case of positive chirps is shown on the right-hand side of the figure. The energy of the laser pulse is 0.4 mJ for these measurements

Fig.20 Spectra of THz radiation generated from the water film with a negative chirped 663 fs pulse and that with a positive chirped 647 fs pulse

Fig.21 Schematic diagram of THz wave generation from a two-color laser pulses induced air plasma. An intense femtosecond laser beam w and its second harmonic 2w are focused to generate plasma in the air. In the most common way, a b-BBO crystal is applied for the generation of 2w pulse. The output THz waves are determined by the phase delay between w pulse and 2w pulse

Fig.22 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. A phase compensator composed of an a-BBO crystal, a pair of wedges, and a dual-wavelength wave plate (DWP) is applied to control the relative phase between w and 2w pulses. PM, parabolic mirror with an effective focal length of 1-inch

Fig.23 Comparison of THz waves generated from a 120 mm thick water film with one-color and two-color excitation schemes [⁹⁵]. (a) and (b) Comparison in the case of a short optical pulse duration (58 fs) in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. (c) and (d) Comparison in the case of a long optical pulse duration (300 fs) in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. Unified normalization ratios are labeled

Fig.24 Modulation of THz wave generation from a water film [⁹⁵]. (a) Comparison of THz waveforms obtained when the relative phase between w and 2w pulses is changed by p through the change of the insertion of one of the wedges in the phase compensator. Inset, THz electric field as a function of the phase delay between w and 2w pulses. (b) An overall phase scan for THz wave radiation from the water film obtained by gradually changing the phase between w and 2w pulses while monitoring the THz energy by using a Golay cell. The range of the phase delay is limited by the full length of the wedge

Fig.25 Normalized THz energy from liquid water as a function of the total excitation optical pulse (w and 2w) energy [⁹⁵]. Blue squares, THz energy calculated from the temporal integral of the THz waveform measured by EOS. Blue dots, modulated THz energy measured by the Golay cell. Red circles, unmodulated THz energy measured by the Golay cell. The maximum pulse energy is limited by the available laser pulse energy in the experiment

Fig.26 Photograph of syringe needles. The color of a syringe needle indicates its gauge number and inner diameter

Fig.27 Photograph of the water line produced by a syringe needle with 260 mm inner diameter [⁹⁸]. The diameter of the water line is 260 mm as well. The flow velocity is about 7 m/s along the y-direction. The laser beam propagates in the z-direction. The water line can be moved along the x-direction by a translation stage

Fig.28 (a) THz peak fields with different x positions when the 260 mm diameter water line is crossing the laser focal point along the x-direction. (b) THz waveforms of x =±90 mm in (a) [⁹⁸]

Fig.29 Comparison of THz fields generated from a 210 mm water line and a 120 mm water film. EPL, effective path length. A shift of the 210 mm water line in the x-direction makes the EPL to be 158 mm. Oblique incidence on the 120 mm water film leads to a 151 mm EPL

Fig.30 Effect of optical pulse duration on THz energy and peak electron density for a 210 mm water line [⁹⁸]. The black dots are the experimental data for THz energy. The red curve is the simulation data for peak electron density

Fig.31 Optimal optical pulse duration versus the diameter of the water line [⁹⁸]. The blue squares are simulations of optimal pulse duration aiming for the highest electron density. The red dots are the experimental data of optimal pulse duration obtained with the strongest THz energy

Fig.32 THz energy versus the diameter of the water line

Fig.33 Waveform measurement of a-Pinene as the sample by using a standard THz-TDS system. The black curve is the reference waveform with no sample presented

Fig.34 Measured results of refractive index and field absorption coefficient of a-Pinene in the frequency region 0.5−2.5 THz [⁹⁸]

Fig.35 Comparison of THz waves generated from a-Pinene and water in (a) time domain and (b) frequency domain [⁹⁸]. The diameter of the liquid line is 210 mm. Laser pulse energy is 0.4 mJ. Optical pulse durations are individually optimized for a-Pinene and water. Both have a value around 345 fs. The dash line in (b) is calculated by removing the absorption of a-Pinene and adding the absorption of water to the black curve from 0.5 to 2.5 THz

1	T Wang, P Klarskov, P U Jepsen. Ultrabroadband THz time-domain spectroscopy of a free-flowing water film. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 2014, 4(4): 425–431 https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2014.2322757
2	Y S Lee. Principles of Terahertz Science and Technology. Vol. 170. New York: Springer US, 2009
3	D M Mittleman. Twenty years of terahertz imaging. Optics Express, 2018, 26(8): 9417–9431 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.009417 pmid: 29715894
4	J Zhao, Y e, K Williams, X C Zhang, R W Boyd. Spatial sampling of terahertz fields with sub-wavelength accuracy via probe-beam encoding. Light, Science & Applications, 2019, 8(1): 55 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-019-0166-6 pmid: 31231521
5	D C Look. Molecular beam epitaxial GaAs grown at low temperatures. Thin Solid Films, 1993, 231(1–2): 61–73 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(93)90703-R
6	M C Beard, G M Turner, C A Schmuttenmaer. Subpicosecond carrier dynamics in low-temperature grown GaAs as measured by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics, 2001, 90(12): 5915–5923 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1416140
7	R W. BoydNonlinear Optics. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press, 2003
8	J Hebling, G Almasi, I Kozma, J Kuhl. Velocity matching by pulse front tilting for large area THz-pulse generation. Optics Express, 2002, 10(21): 1161–1166 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.10.001161 pmid: 19451975
9	J Hebling, K L Yeh, M C Hoffmann, B Bartal, K A Nelson. Generation of high-power terahertz pulses by tilted-pulse-front excitation and their application possibilities. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Optical Physics, 2008, 25(7): B6–B19 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.25.0000B6
10	J A Fülöp, L Pálfalvi, S Klingebiel, G Almási, F Krausz, S Karsch, J Hebling. Generation of sub-mJ terahertz pulses by optical rectification. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(4): 557–559 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.000557 pmid: 22344105
11	X C Zhang, X Ma, Y Jin, T M Lu, E P Boden, P D Phelps, K R Stewart, C P Yakymyshyn. Terahertz optical rectification from a nonlinear organic crystal. Applied Physics Letters, 1992, 61(26): 3080–3082 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.107968
12	C P Hauri, C Ruchert, C Vicario, F Ardana. Strong-field single-cycle THz pulses generated in an organic crystal. Applied Physics Letters, 2011, 99(16): 161116 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3655331
13	M Shalaby, C P Hauri. Demonstration of a low-frequency three-dimensional terahertz bullet with extreme brightness. Nature Communications, 2015, 6(1): 5976 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6976 pmid: 25591665
14	J A Fülöp, S Tzortzakis, T Kampfrath. Laser-driven strong-field terahertz sources. Advanced Optical Materials, 2020, 8(3): 1900681 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201900681
15	H Hamster, A Sullivan, S Gordon, W White, R W Falcone. Subpicosecond, electromagnetic pulses from intense laser-plasma interaction. Physical Review Letters, 1993, 71(17): 2725–2728 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2725 pmid: 10054760
16	H Hamster, A Sullivan, S Gordon, R W Falcone. Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas. Physical Review E: Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics, 1994, 49(1): 671–677 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.49.671 pmid: 9961261
17	D J Cook, R M Hochstrasser. Intense terahertz pulses by four-wave rectification in air. Optics Letters, 2000, 25(16): 1210–1212 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.25.001210 pmid: 18066171
18	K Johnson, M Price-Gallagher, O Mamer, A Lesimple, C Fletcher, Y Chen, X Lu, M Yamaguchi, X C Zhang. Water vapor: an extraordinary terahertz wave source under optical excitation. Physics Letters, 2008, 372(38): 6037–6040 (Part A) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2008.07.071
19	X Xie, J Dai, X C Zhang. Coherent control of THz wave generation in ambient air. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 96(7): 075005 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.075005 pmid: 16606102
20	K Y Kim, J H Glownia, A J Taylor, G Rodriguez. Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields. Optics Express, 2007, 15(8): 4577–4584 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.004577 pmid: 19532704
21	K Y Kim, A Taylor, J Glownia, G Rodriguez. Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser–gas interactions. Nature Photonics, 2008, 2(10): 605–609 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.153
22	K Y Kim. Generation of coherent terahertz radiation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions. Physics of Plasmas, 2009, 16(5): 056706 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3134422
23	N Karpowicz, X C Zhang. Coherent terahertz echo of tunnel ionization in gases. Physical Review Letters, 2009, 102(9): 093001 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.093001 pmid: 19392516
24	C Ronne, L Thrane, P O Åstrand, A Wallqvist, K V Mikkelsen, S R Keiding. Investigation of the temperature dependence of dielectric relaxation in liquid water by THz reflection spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1997, 107(14): 5319–5331 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.474242
25	L Thrane, R H Jacobsen, P Uhd Jepsen, S R Keiding. THz reflection spectroscopy of liquid water. Chemical Physics Letters, 1995, 240(4): 330–333 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(95)00543-D
26	J C Kotz, P M Treichel, J Townsend. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity. Raleigh, NC: Cengage Learning, 2012
27	D Engels, J Schmid-Burgk, C Walmsley. Water maser emission from OH/IR stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 1986, 167: 129–144
28	D A Neufeld, G J Melnick. Excitation of millimeter and submillimeter water masers. Astrophysical Journal, 1991, 368: 215–230 https://doi.org/10.1086/169685
29	D A Neufeld, P R Maloney, S Conger. Water maser emission from X-ray-heated circumnuclear gas in active galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 436: 127–130 https://doi.org/10.1086/187649
30	R R Alfano, S Shapiro. Observation of self-phase modulation and small-scale filaments in crystals and glasses. Physical Review Letters, 1970, 24(11): 592–594 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.592
31	T Jimbo, V L Caplan, Q X Li, Q Z Wang, P P Ho, R R Alfano. Enhancement of ultrafast supercontinuum generation in water by the addition of Zn2+ and K+ cations. Optics Letters, 1987, 12(7): 477–479 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.12.000477 pmid: 19741770
32	V Kandidov, O Kosareva, I Golubtsov, W Liu, A Becker, N Akozbek, C M Bowden, S L Chin. Self-transformation of a powerful femtosecond laser pulse into a white-light laser pulse in bulk optical media (or supercontinuum generation). Applied Physics B, Lasers and Optics, 2003, 77(2–3): 149–165 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-003-1214-7
33	W Liu, S Petit, A Becker, N Aközbek, C M Bowden, S L Chin. Intensity clamping of a femtosecond laser pulse in condensed matter. Optics Communications, 2002, 202(1–3): 189–197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4018(01)01698-4
34	A Dharmadhikari, F Rajgara, D Mathur. Systematic study of highly efficient white light generation in transparent materials using intense femtosecond laser pulses. Applied Physics B, Lasers and Optics, 2005, 80(1): 61–66 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-004-1682-4
35	N Kaya, J Strohaber, A A Kolomenskii, G Kaya, H Schroeder, H A Schuessler. White-light generation using spatially-structured beams of femtosecond radiation. Optics Express, 2012, 20(12): 13337–13346 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.013337 pmid: 22714362
36	J A Dharmadhikari, G Steinmeyer, G Gopakumar, D Mathur, A K Dharmadhikari. Femtosecond supercontinuum generation in water in the vicinity of absorption bands. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(15): 3475–3478 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.003475 pmid: 27472597
37	D Attwood, A Sakdinawat. X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017
38	S McNaught, J Fan, E Parra, H M Milchberg. A pump–probe investigation of laser-droplet plasma dynamics. Applied Physics Letters, 2001, 79(25): 4100–4102 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1426266
39	S Düsterer, H Schwoerer, W Ziegler, C Ziener, R Sauerbrey. Optimization of EUV radiation yield from laser-produced plasma. Applied Physics B, Lasers and Optics, 2001, 73(7): 693–698 doi:10.1007/s003400100730
40	H G Kurz, D S Steingrube, D Ristau, M Lein, U Morgner, M Kovačev. High-order-harmonic generation from dense water microdroplets. Physical Review A, 2013, 87(6): 063811 doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.87.063811
41	A Flettner, T Pfeifer, D Walter, C Winterfeldt, C Spielmann, G Gerber. High-harmonic generation and plasma radiation from water microdroplets. Applied Physics B, Lasers and Optics, 2003, 77(8): 747–751 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-003-1329-x
42	T D Donnelly, M Rust, I Weiner, M Allen, R A Smith, C A Steinke, S Wilks, J Zweiback, T E Cowan, T Ditmire. Hard X-ray and hot electron production from intense laser irradiation of wavelength-scale particles. Journal of Physics B, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 2001, 34(10): L313–L320 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/34/10/101
43	L Malmqvist, L Rymell, H M Hertz. Droplet‐target laser‐plasma source for proximity X‐ray lithography. Applied Physics Letters, 1996, 68(19): 2627–2629 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.116203
44	M Berglund, L Rymell, H M Hertz. Ultraviolet prepulse for enhanced X‐ray emission and brightness from droplet‐target laser plasmas. Applied Physics Letters, 1996, 69(12): 1683–1685 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.117027
45	L Rymell, H M Hertz. Droplet target for low-debris laser-plasma soft X-ray generation. Optics Communications, 1993, 103(1–2): 105–110 https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(93)90651-K
46	D N Nikogosyan, A A Oraevsky, V I Rupasov. Two-photon ionization and dissociation of liquid water by powerful laser UV radiation. Chemical Physics, 1983, 77(1): 131–143 https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(83)85070-8
47	R A Crowell, D M Bartels. Multiphoton ionization of liquid water with 3.0-5.0 eV photons. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1996, 100(45): 17940–17949 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9610978
48	P K Kennedy. A first-order model for computation of laser-induced breakdown thresholds in ocular and aqueous media. I. Theory. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1995, 31(12): 2241–2249 https://doi.org/10.1109/3.477753
49	P K Kennedy, D X Hammer, B A Rockwell. Laser-induced breakdown in aqueous media. Progress in Quantum Electronics, 1997, 21(3): 155–248 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6727(97)00002-5
50	H Hirori, A Doi, F Blanchard, K Tanaka. Single-cycle terahertz pulses with amplitudes exceeding 1 MV/cm generated by optical rectification in LiNbO3. Applied Physics Letters, 2011, 98(9): 091106 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3560062
51	F Blanchard, L Razzari, H C Bandulet, G Sharma, R Morandotti, J C Kieffer, T Ozaki, M Reid, H F Tiedje, H K Haugen, F A Hegmann. Generation of 1.5 μJ single-cycle terahertz pulses by optical rectification from a large aperture ZnTe crystal. Optics Express, 2007, 15(20): 13212–13220 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.013212 pmid: 19550589
52	Q Wu, X C Zhang. Free‐space electro‐optic sampling of terahertz beams. Applied Physics Letters, 1995, 67(24): 3523–3525 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.114909
53	Q Jin, Y E, K Williams, J Dai, X C Zhang. Observation of broadband terahertz wave generation from liquid water. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 111(7): 071103 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4990824
54	L L Zhang, W M Wang, T Wu, S J Feng, K Kang, C L Zhang, Y Zhang, Y T Li, Z M Sheng, X C Zhang. Strong terahertz radiation from a liquid-water line. Physical Review Applied, 2019, 12(1): 014005 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.014005
55	W M Wang, P Gibbon, Z M Sheng, Y T Li. Integrated simulation approach for laser-driven fast ignition. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 2015, 91(1): 013101 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.013101 pmid: 25679717
56	F Buccheri, X C Zhang. Terahertz emission from laser-induced microplasma in ambient air. Optica, 2015, 2(4): 366–369 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.2.000366
57	J Z Zhang, J K Lam, C F Wood, B T Chu, R K Chang. Explosive vaporization of a large transparent droplet irradiated by a high intensity laser. Applied Optics, 1987, 26(22): 4731–4737 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.26.004731 pmid: 20523436
58	C Schaffer, N Nishimura, E Glezer, A Kim, E Mazur. Dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown in water from femtoseconds to microseconds. Optics Express, 2002, 10(3): 196–203 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.10.000196 pmid: 19424350
59	F Courvoisier, V Boutou, C Favre, S C Hill, J P Wolf. Plasma formation dynamics within a water microdroplet on femtosecond time scales. Optics Letters, 2003, 28(3): 206–208 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.28.000206 pmid: 12656333
60	A Lindinger, J Hagen, L D Socaciu, T M Bernhardt, L Wöste, D Duft, T Leisner. Time-resolved explosion dynamics of H2O droplets induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Applied Optics, 2004, 43(27): 5263–5269 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.43.005263 pmid: 15473248
61	C A Stan, D Milathianaki, H Laksmono, R G Sierra, T A McQueen, M Messerschmidt, G J Williams, J E Koglin, T J Lane, M J Hayes, S A H Guillet, M Liang, A L Aquila, P R Willmott, J S Robinson, K L Gumerlock, S Botha, K Nass, I Schlichting, R L Shoeman, H A Stone, S Boutet. Liquid explosions induced by X-ray laser pulses. Nature Physics, 2016, 12(10): 966–971 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3779
62	Y E, Q Jin, A Tcypkin, X C Zhang. Terahertz wave generation from liquid water films via laser-induced breakdown. Applied Physics Letters, 2018, 113(18): 181103 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054599
63	H B Bebb, A Gold. Multiphoton ionization of hydrogen and rare-gas atoms. Physical Review, 1966, 143(1): 1–24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.143.1
64	C DeMichelis. Laser induced gas breakdown: a bibliographical review. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1969, 5(4): 188–202 https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1969.1075758
65	Y R Shen. The Principles of Nonlinear Optics. New York: Wiley, 1984
66	P Lambropoulos. Mechanisms for multiple ionization of atoms by strong pulsed lasers. Physical Review Letters, 1985, 55(20): 2141–2144 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.2141 pmid: 10032059
67	M D Perry, O L Landen, A Szöke, E M Campbell. Multiphoton ionization of the noble gases by an intense 1014-W/cm2 dye laser. Physical Review A: General Physics, 1988, 37(3): 747–760 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.37.747 pmid: 9899717
68	L Keldysh. Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave. Soviet Physics, JETP, 1965, 20(5): 1307–1314
69	M V Ammosov. Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an altemating electromagnetic field. Soviet Physics, JETP, 1987, 64: 1191
70	M Bass, H Barrett. Avalanche breakdown and the probabilistic nature of laser-induced damage. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1972, 8(3): 338–343 https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1972.1076971
71	N Bloembergen. Laser-induced electric breakdown in solids. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1974, 10(3): 375–386 https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1974.1068132
72	C G Morgan. Laser-induced breakdown of gases. Reports on Progress in Physics, 1975, 38(5): 621–665 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/38/5/002
73	C Puliafito, R Steinert. Short-pulsed Nd:YAG laser microsurgery of the eye: biophysical considerations. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1984, 20(12): 1442–1448 https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1984.1072343
74	J Noack, A Vogel. Laser-induced plasma formation in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales: calculation of thresholds, absorption coefficients, and energy density. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1999, 35(8): 1156–1167 https://doi.org/10.1109/3.777215
75	F Williams, S Varma, S Hillenius. Liquid water as a lone‐pair amorphous semiconductor. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1976, 64(4): 1549–1554 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.432377
76	C Sacchi. Laser-induced electric breakdown in water. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Optical Physics, 1991, 8(2): 337–345 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.8.000337
77	Q Feng, J V Moloney, A C Newell, E M Wright, K Cook, P K Kennedy, D X Hammer, B A Rockwell, C R Thompson. Theory and simulation on the threshold of water breakdown induced by focused ultrashort laser pulses. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1997, 33(2): 127–137 https://doi.org/10.1109/3.552252
78	Y P Raĭzer. Reviews of topical problems: breakdown and heating of gases under the influence of a laser beam. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 1966, 8(5): 650–673
79	K Hatanaka, T Ida, H Ono, S Matsushima, H Fukumura, S Juodkazis, H Misawa. Chirp effect in hard X-ray generation from liquid target when irradiated by femtosecond pulses. Optics Express, 2008, 16(17): 12650–12657 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.012650 pmid: 18711502
80	J Dai, J Liu, X C Zhang. Terahertz wave air photonics: terahertz wave generation and detection with laser-induced gas plasma. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2011, 17(1): 183–190 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2010.2047007
81	M Kreß, T Löffler, M D Thomson, R Dörner, H Gimpel, K Zrost, T Ergler, R Moshammer, U Morgner, J Ullrich, H G Roskos. Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy. Nature Physics, 2006, 2(5): 327–331 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys286
82	P Gaal, W Kuehn, K Reimann, M Woerner, T Elsaesser, R Hey. Internal motions of a quasiparticle governing its ultrafast nonlinear response. Nature, 2007, 450(7173): 1210–1213 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06399 pmid: 18097404
83	H Roskos, M Thomson, M Kreß, T Löffler. Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: from fundamentals to applications. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2007, 1(4): 349–368 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200710025
84	T Oh, Y Yoo, Y You, K Y Kim. Generation of strong terahertz fields exceeding 8 MV/cm at 1 kHz and real-time beam profiling. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105(4): 041103 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4891678
85	M D Thomson, V Blank, H G Roskos. Terahertz white-light pulses from an air plasma photo-induced by incommensurate two-color optical fields. Optics Express, 2010, 18(22): 23173–23182 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.023173 pmid: 21164658
86	X C Zhang, A Shkurinov, Y Zhang. Extreme terahertz science. Nature Photonics, 2017, 11(1): 16–18 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.249
87	J Dai, N Karpowicz, X C Zhang. Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma. Physical Review Letters, 2009, 103(2): 023001 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.023001 pmid: 19659200
88	H Wen, A M Lindenberg. Coherent terahertz polarization control through manipulation of electron trajectories. Physical Review Letters, 2009, 103(2): 023902 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.023902 pmid: 19659205
89	J Dai, X C Zhang. Terahertz wave generation from thin metal films excited by asymmetrical optical fields. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(4): 777–780 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.000777 pmid: 24562204
90	I Dey, K Jana, V Y Fedorov, A D Koulouklidis, A Mondal, M Shaikh, D Sarkar, A D Lad, S Tzortzakis, A Couairon, G R Kumar. Highly efficient broadband terahertz generation from ultrashort laser filamentation in liquids. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 1184 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01382-x pmid: 29084961
91	Y Shen, T Watanabe, D A Arena, C C Kao, J B Murphy, T Y Tsang, X J Wang, G L Carr. Nonlinear cross-phase modulation with intense single-cycle terahertz pulses. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(4): 043901 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.043901 pmid: 17678365
92	D Turchinovich, J M Hvam, M C Hoffmann. Self-phase modulation of a single-cycle terahertz pulse by nonlinear free-carrier response in a semiconductor. Physical Review B, 2012, 85(20): 201304 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.201304
93	E A Nanni, W R Huang, K H Hong, K Ravi, A Fallahi, G Moriena, R J Dwayne Miller, F X Kärtner. Terahertz-driven linear electron acceleration. Nature Communications, 2015, 6(1): 8486 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9486 pmid: 26439410
94	D Zhang, A Fallahi, M Hemmer, X Wu, M Fakhari, Y Hua, H Cankaya, A L Calendron, L E Zapata, N H Matlis, F X Kärtner. Segmented terahertz electron accelerator and manipulator (STEAM). Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(6): 336–342 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0138-z pmid: 29881446
95	Q Jin, J Dai, Y E, X C Zhang. Terahertz wave emission from a liquid water film under the excitation of asymmetric optical fields. Applied Physics Letters, 2018, 113(26): 261101 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064644
96	P P Kiran, S Bagchi, S R Krishnan, C L Arnold, G R Kumar, A Couairon. Focal dynamics of multiple filaments: Microscopic imaging and reconstruction. Physical Review A., 2010, 82(1): 013805 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.82.013805
97	X L Liu, X Lu, X Liu, T T Xi, F Liu, J L Ma, J Zhang. Tightly focused femtosecond laser pulse in air: from filamentation to breakdown. Optics Express, 2010, 18(25): 26007–26017 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.026007 pmid: 21164948
98	Q Jin, Y E, S Gao, X C Zhang. Preference of subpicosecond laser pulses for terahertz wave generation from liquids. Advanced Photonics, 2020, 2(1): 015001 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.AP.2.1.015001
99	S L Chin. Femtosecond Laser Filamentation. Vol. 55. New York: Springer US, 2010
100	F Docchio. Lifetimes of plasmas induced in liquids and ocular media by single Nd:YAG laser pulses of different duration. EPL, 1988, 6(5): 407–412 (Europhysics Letters) https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/6/5/006
101	Q Feng, E M Wright, J V Moloney, A C Newell. Laser-induced breakdown versus self-focusing for focused picosecond pulses in water. Optics Letters, 1995, 20(19): 1958–1960 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.20.001958 pmid: 19862216
102	J Dai, X C Zhang. Terahertz wave generation from gas plasma using a phase compensator with attosecond phase-control accuracy. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94(2): 021117 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3068501
103	T D Dorney, R G Baraniuk, D M Mittleman. Material parameter estimation with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2001, 18(7): 1562–1571 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.18.001562 pmid: 11444549
104	I Babushkin, W Kuehn, C Köhler, S Skupin, L Bergé, K Reimann, M Woerner, J Herrmann, T Elsaesser. Ultrafast spatiotemporal dynamics of terahertz generation by ionizing two-color femtosecond pulses in gases. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(5): 053903 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.053903 pmid: 20867920
105	L Bergé, S Skupin, C Köhler, I Babushkin, J Herrmann. 3D numerical simulations of THz generation by two-color laser filaments. Physical Review Letters, 2013, 110(7): 073901 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.073901 pmid: 25166373
106	P Sprangle, J R Peñano, B Hafizi, C A Kapetanakos. Ultrashort laser pulses and electromagnetic pulse generation in air and on dielectric surfaces. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 2004, 69(6): 066415 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066415 pmid: 15244753
107	E A Ponomareva, S A Stumpf, A N Tcypkin, S A Kozlov. Impact of laser-ionized liquid nonlinear characteristics on the efficiency of terahertz wave generation. Optics Letters, 2019, 44(22): 5485–5488 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.005485 pmid: 31730089
108	A N Tcypkin, E A Ponomareva, S E Putilin, S V Smirnov, S A Shtumpf, M V Melnik, Y E, S A Kozlov, X C Zhang. Flat liquid jet as a highly efficient source of terahertz radiation. Optics Express, 2019, 27(11): 15485–15494 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.015485 pmid: 31163744
109	Y E, Q Jin, X C Zhang. Enhancement of terahertz emission by a preformed plasma in liquid water. Applied Physics Letters, 2019, 115(10): 101101 doi:10.1063/1.5119812
110	E A Ponomareva, A N Tcypkin, S V Smirnov, S E Putilin, E Yiwen, S A Kozlov, X C Zhang. Double-pump technique-one step closer towards efficient liquid-based THz sources. Optics Express, 2019, 27(22): 32855–32862 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.032855 pmid: 31684490
111	H H Huang, T Nagashima, W H Hsu, S Juodkazis, K Hatanaka. Dual THz wave and X-ray generation from a water film under femtosecond laser excitation. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018, 8(7): 523 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070523 pmid: 30011794
112	H H Huang, T Nagashima, T Yonezawa, Y Matsuo, S H Ng, S Juodkazis, K Hatanaka. Giant enhancement of THz wave emission under double-pulse excitation of thin water flow. Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 10(6): 2031

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed