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Parameters that control and influence the organo-metal halide perovskite crystallization and morphology
Bat-El COHEN,Lioz ETGAR
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 44-52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0630-3
This review discusses various parameters that influence and control the organo-metal halide perovskite crystallization process. The effect of the perovskite morphology on the photovoltaic performance is a critical factor. Moreover, it has a dramatic effect on the stability of the perovskite, which has significant importance for later use of the organo-metal perovskite in assorted applications. In this review, we brought together several research investigations that describe the main parameters that significantly influence perovskite crystallization, for example, the annealing process, the precursor solvent, anti-solvent treatment, and additives to the iteite solutions.
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Effect of electron-withdrawing groups in conjugated bridges: molecular engineering of organic sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells
Jie SHI,Zhaofei CHAI,Runli TANG,Huiyang LI,Hongwei HAN,Tianyou PENG,Qianqian LI,Zhen LI
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 60-70.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0567-6
Four organic sensitizers containing quinoxaline or benzoxadiazole as an auxiliary electron acceptor in conjugated bridge were synthesized and utilized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It was found that the incorporation of different electron-withdrawing moieties can affect the absorption spectra, electronic properties, the interfacial interactions and then the overall conversion efficiencies significantly. Therefore, the appropriate selection of the auxiliary acceptor was important to optimize the photovoltaic performance of solar cells. Among these sensitizers, LI-44 based solar cell showed the best photovoltaic performance: a shortcircuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 13.90 mA/cm2, an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 0.66 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.66, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.10% under standard global AM 1.5 solar light conditions.
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High-performance, stable and low-cost mesoscopic perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)-modified carbon nanotube cathodes
Xiaoli ZHENG,Haining CHEN,Zhanhua WEI,Yinglong YANG,He LIN,Shihe YANG
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 71-80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0566-7
This work explores the use of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs@P3HT) for the cathodes of hole transporter free, mesoscopic perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cells (PSCs), simultaneously achieving high-performance, high stability and low-cost PSCs. Here the thin P3HT modifier acts as an electron blocker to inhibit electron transfer into CNTs and a hydrophobic polymer binder to tightly cross-link the CNTs together to compact the carbon electrode film and greatly stabilize the solar cell. On the other hand, the presence of CNTs greatly improve the conductivity of P3HT. By optimizing the concentration of the P3HT modifier (2 mg/mL), we have improved the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of CNTs@P3HT based PSCs up to 13.43% with an average efficiency of 12.54%, which is much higher than the pure CNTs based PSCs (best PCE 10.59%) and the sandwich-type P3HT/CNTs based PSCs (best PCE 9.50%). In addition, the hysteresis of the CNTs@P3HT based PSCs is remarkably reduced due to the intimate interface between the perovskite and CNTs@P3HT electrodes. Degradation of the CNTs@ P3HT based PSCs is also strongly retarded as compared to cells employing the pure CNTs electrode when exposed to the ambient condition of 20%-40% humidity.
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Challenges in the ambient Raman spectroscopy characterization of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite thin films
Yuanyuan ZHOU,Hector F. GARCES,Nitin P. PADTURE
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 81-86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0573-8
The importance of methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3 or MAPbI3) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites has shot up dramatically since their use in highly efficient thin-film perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the basic structural characterization of these fascinating materials remains sparse. In particular, Raman spectroscopy, which is a powerful vibrational spectroscopy characterization tool and complements other characterization methods, of MAPbI3 under ambient conditions is plagued with difficulties. Here, a systematic ambient Raman spectroscopy characterization study of MAPbI3 thin films is conducted under different conditions (excitation laser wavelength, integration time, filter characteristic). The results from this study help elucidate the possible sources of artifacts in the Raman spectra, and raise the awareness of the challenges in the ambient Raman spectroscopy of MAPbI3 perovskites. Approaches to overcome these challenges are suggested.
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Synthesis and optical properties of soluble low bandgap poly (pyrrole methine) with alkoxyl substituent
Baoming LI,Enkai PENG,Leilei YE,Zhiyin WU
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 99-105.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-015-0519-6
A soluble low bandgap poly (pyrrole methine) with alkoxyl substituent, poly {(3-hexanoyl)pyrrole-[2,5-diyl(p-tetradecyloxybenzylidene)]} (PHPDTBE), was synthesized and characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform- in frared (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). PHPDTBE was readily soluble in weak polar organic solvents. The absorption peaks of PHPDTBE solution and film were located at around 458 and 484 nm, respectively. The optical bandgaps of PHPDTBE film for indirect allowed and direct allowed transitions were measured to be 1.66 and 2.35 eV, respectively. PHPDTBE film had few defects in the energy band and the Urbach energy of PHPDTBE film was calculated to be about 0.19 eV. The resonant third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of PHPDTBE solution and film measured by degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) technique at 532 nm were all in the order of 10-8 esu, which was about 1~3 orders of magnitude larger than that of the other ordinary π-conjugation polymers.
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Dispersion of double-slot microring resonators in optical buffer
Chuan WANG,Xiaoying LIU,Peng ZHOU,Peng LI,Jia DU
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 106-111.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-015-0472-4
In the optical packet switching network, optical buffer is an important device. Microring resonator optical buffers provide good delay performance and flexibility in design. By cascading multiple microring resonators, higher delay-bandwidth product is obtained, but the requirements of high integration and low dispersion are hard to satisfy simultaneously. Double-slot waveguide was proposed to construct highly integrated racetrack microring resonators in this study. Based on dispersion analysis of the thickness of each layer of a waveguide, the structure of waveguide was optimized to reach flat and low dispersion. Average dispersions of straight and 3 μm bend waveguides were 5.1 ps/(nm?km) and 4.4 ps/(nm?km), respectively. Besides, the additional loss from coupling was greatly reduced when applying proper relative displacement between straight and bend waveguides. Theoretical and design basis provided in this paper will help to develop multi-microring optical buffers in the future.
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Highly efficient tunable optical filter based on liquid crystal micro-ring resonator with large free spectral range
Jing DAI,Minming ZHANG,Feiya ZHOU,Deming LIU
Front. Optoelectron.. 2016, 9 (1): 112-120.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-015-0483-1
A highly efficient tunable optical filter of liquid crystal (LC) optical micro-ring resonator (MRR) was proposed. The 4-μm-radius ring consists of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) asymmetric bent slot waveguide with a LC cladding. The geometry of the slot waveguide resulted in the strong electro-optic effect of the LC, and therefore induced an increase in effective refractive index by 0.0720 for the quasi-TE mode light in the slot-waveguide. The ultra-wide tuning range (56.0 nm) and large free spectral range (FSR) (~28.0 nm) of the optical filters enabled wavelength reconfigurable multiplexing devices with a drive voltage of only 5 V. The influences of parameters, such as the slot width, total width of Si rails and slot shift on the device’s performance, were analyzed and the optimal design was given. Moreover, the influence of fabrication tolerances and the loss of device were both investigated. Compared with state-of-the-art tunable MRRs, the proposed electrically tunable micro-ring resonator owns the excellent features of wider tuning ranges, larger FSRs and ultralow voltages.
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