Recent years witnessed a growing research interest in graphene-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (GRAMCs). Compared with conventional reinforcements of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs), graphene possesses many attractive characteristics such as extremely high strength and modulus, unique self-lubricating property, high thermal conductivity (TC) and electrical conductivity (EC), and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). A lot of studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of graphene into Al or Al alloy can effectively enhance mechanical and physical properties of the Al matrix. The purpose of this work is aimed to trace recent development of GRAMCs. Initially, this paper covers a brief overview of fabrication methods of GRAMCs. Then, mechanical, tribological, thermal and electrical properties of recently developed GRAMCs are presented and discussed. Finally, challenges and corresponding solutions related to GRAMCs are reviewed.
low production rate; risk of contamination and formation of Al4C3
Planetary ball milling
high productivity and cost-effectiveness
risk of contamination and formation of Al4C3
Cryomilling
achievement of grain refinement; suppression of recovery and recrystallization; reduced usage of PCA, resulting in less contamination and a clean interface
high cost
Tab.2
Fig.2
Fig.3
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conventional sintering
low cost and high production rates; formation of complex shapes
poor densification and long dwell time
Hot pressing
better densification than conventional sintering
long dwell time
HIP
uniform densification and isotropic properties
long dwell time
MWS
higher heating rates, shorter sintering time relative to conventional sintering
poor densification relative to SPS
SPS
high heating rates, short dwell times, low porosity and excellent mechanical properties
high cost
Tab.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Consolidation method
Composite a)
μ/HV
YTS/MPa
UTS/MPa
δ/%
η/GPa
Ref.
Vacuum hot pressing
Al
–
30
104
12.5
21.2
[61]
Al/0.5 vol.% GNSs
–
70
223
9.6
17.5
Al/1.5 vol.% GNSs
–
205
315
7.3
15.6
Al/2.5 vol.% GNSs
–
225
318
4.5
8.3
Vacuum hot pressing+ hot rolling
Al
–
131
161
23.5
–
[62]
Al/0.5 vol.% Ni-GNSs
–
203
230
17.5
–
Al/1.0 vol.% Ni-GNSs
–
237
266
19.1
–
Al/1.5 vol.% Ni-GNSs
–
255
279
13.2
–
AlCu
70.0
226
244
8.5
–
[63]
AlCu/1.0 vol.% GNSs
73.8
242
254
7.2
–
AlCu/2.0 vol.% GNSs
79.8
260
280
6.3
–
Vacuum hot pressing+ hot forging+ FSP
Al2009/1.0GNPs (1-pass FSP)
–
314
398
4
–
[42]
Al2009/1.0GNPs (2-pass FSP)
–
398
514
10
–
Al2009/1.0GNPs (3-pass FSP)
–
378
468
7
–
Al2009/1.0GNPs (4-pass FSP)
–
363
462
8
–
Cold compaction+ sintering+ hot extrusion
Al
–
67
103
48.2
68.2
[43]
Al/0.4GNPs
–
64
106
31
63.7
Al/2.0GNPs
–
64
117
30
65.6
Al
–
193
233
17.4
71.0
[44]
Al/0.25 vol.% GNSs
–
207
257
17.6
72.5
Al/0.5 vol.% GNSs
–
215
287
17.3
74.9
Al
59.1
–
203
30.5
–
[20]
Al/0.3RGO
74.3
–
255
19.2
–
Al/0.6RGO
71.3
–
241
13.2
–
Al
54.3
88.1
–
20.3
70.41
[45]
Al/0.5Ni-GNSs
59.9
162.5
–
13.3
77.34
Al/1.0Ni-GNSs
63.7
182.1
–
11.1
89.80
Al/1.5Ni-GNSs
65.3
204.5
–
10.0
96.82
Al/2.0Ni-GNSs
63.6
185.4
–
8.7
93.13
Al
85.1
80.5
133.4
25.2
–
[46]
Al/0.5Cu-graphene
102.1
121.3
189.9
20.3
–
Al/0.75Cu-graphene
123.4
140.2
223.5
17.5
–
Al/1.0Cu-graphene
109.3
125.5
201.3
12.8
–
Al
54.0
138
175
23.5
–
[17]
Al/1.0Cu-GNPs
87.8
225
278
17.5
–
Al/2.5Cu-GNPs
116.5
360
402
10.6
–
Al/3.0Cu-GNPs
117.0
316
363
12.8
–
Al6061
60
–
–
–
–
[47]
Al6061/0.25GNSs
68
–
–
–
–
Al6061/0.5GNSs
63
–
–
–
–
Al
39.3
83.6
130
25.6
–
[48]
Al/0.7GNPs
61.4
141
197
14.0
–
Al
–
–
135
26.0
–
[49]
Al/0.24Ni-GNPs
–
–
163
31.3
–
Al/0.34Cu-GNPs
–
–
180
22.5
–
Cold compaction+ sintering+ hot extrusion+ cold drawing
Al
–
139
144
0.89
71.8
[43]
Al/0.4GNPs
–
208
219
0.84
76.7
Al/2.0GNPs
–
–
137
0.30
85.5
Al
–
141.8
190.4
4.6
–
[50]
Al/2.0GNPs
–
150.0
187.6
4.3
–
SPS
Al
–
51
105
41.9
–
[51]
Al/0.25GNPs
–
81
148
33.1
–
Al/0.5GNPs
–
101
171
29.9
–
Al/1.0GNPs
–
48
71
4.4
–
Almicro
–
51
105
41.9
85
[52]
Almicro/0.5GNPs
–
101
171
29.9
89
Alnano
–
80
148
6.6
83
Alnano/0.5GNPs
–
148
233
5.1
88
Al-4Cu
87
78
215
28
–
[53]
Al–4Cu/0.3RGO
99
115
275
15
–
Al–4Cu/0.5RGO
101
129
290
12
–
Al–4Cu/0.7RGO
113
133
310
11
–
Al–4Cu/1.0RGO
125
139
320
10
–
Flake PTF
Al2024
–
203
301
15.2
–
[54]
Al2024/0.4RGO
–
294
439
8.5
–
Stir casting
Al7075/0.5GNPs
–
–
147.7
14.7
–
[22]
Al7075/1.0GNPs
–
–
150
14.9
–
Al7075/1.5GNPs
–
–
155.1
15.6
–
Al7075/2.0GNPs
–
–
139.1
16.0
–
Continuous casting+ hot rolling
Al
37.42
–
114
11
–
[55]
Al/0.2GNPs
43.6
–
156
4
–
Pressure infiltration
Al5083
–
156.9
289.9
21.3
72
[56]
Al5083/GO
–
184.5
282.7
9.0
72.6
Al5083/GNPs
–
186.9
331.0
6.3
72.6
Pressure infiltration+ hot extrusion
Al6063
–
–
225.9
14
–
[18]
Al6063/GNSs
–
–
276.7
14.7
–
Al6061
–
334
357
12.1
–
[57]
Al6061/0.6GNPs
–
389
500
2.1
–
FSP
Al
31.6
50
84
33
–
[13]
Al/graphene
48.7
94
147
26
–
Al6061/GNPs
–
88.27
111.38
3.73
25.64
[58]
FSP+ hot extrusion
Al
–
–
127.2
21.7
–
[59]
Al/graphene
–
–
149.2
29.3
–
Deformation-driven processing
Al
–
–
119
20.8
69.1
[60]
Al/GNPs
–
–
497
15.2
76.9
SLM
Al
38
–
–
–
–
[31]
Al/0.5graphene
47.1
–
–
–
–
Al/1.0graphene
49.6
–
–
–
–
Al/2.5graphene
66.6
–
–
–
–
AlSi10Mg
120
–
357
5.5
–
[35]
AlSi10Mg/1.0graphene
169
–
396
6.2
–
Tab.4
Fig.6
Fig.7
Matrix
Reinforcement
Process
Tribological properties a)
Dominant wear mechanism e)
Ref.
AlSi10Mg
~1 wt.% GNPs
SLM
~42% increase in wear rate b)
abrasive wear for the composite
[32]
Al
0.5 wt.% GNPs
PM
70% decrease in COF, 67% decrease in wear rate c)
adhesive wear for both samples
[41]
A355
1 vol.% GNSs
PM
39% decrease in COF, 85% decrease in wear rate
abrasive and adhesive wear for both samples for the composite, with relatively weak abrasive wear due to a lower COF
[68]
Al6061
SiC+ GNPs
FSP
>20% decrease in COF, 56% decrease in wear rate
adhesive wear (matrix) and abrasive wear (composite)
[69]
Al–7Si/10SiC
0.5 wt.% RGO
PM
65% decrease in wear rate d)
delamination wear for Al–Si/SiC and abrasive wear for Al–Si/(SiC+ RGO)
[71]
AA2124
3 wt.% graphene
PM
25% decrease in COF, 34% decrease in wear rate··
abrasive wear for both samples
[73]
Al
0.1 wt.% GNPs
PM
no obvious change in COF, ~8% decrease in wear rate c)
abrasive wear for the composite
[74]
1 wt.% GNPs
PM
~3% decrease in COF, ~24% increase in wear rate c)
abrasive wear for the composite
Tab.5
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
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