Sarah GARIFO1, Dimitri STANICKI1, Gamze AYATA1, Robert N. MULLER1,2, Sophie LAURENT1,2()
1. General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons (UMONS), Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium 2. Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
Recent advances in nanotechnology have attracted significant attention to nanodiamonds (NDs) in both industrial and research areas thanks to their remarkable intrinsic properties: large specific area, poor cytotoxicity, chemical resistance, magnetic and optical properties, ease of large-scale production, and surface reactivity make them suitable for numerous applications, including electronics, optics, sensors, polishing materials, and more recently, biological purposes. Growing interest in diamond platforms for bioimaging and chemotherapy is observed. Given the outstanding features of these particles and their ease of tuning, current and future applications in medicine have the potential to display innovative imaging applications and to be used as tools for monitoring and tracking drug delivery in vivo.
. [J]. Frontiers of Materials Science, 2021, 15(3): 334-351.
Sarah GARIFO, Dimitri STANICKI, Gamze AYATA, Robert N. MULLER, Sophie LAURENT. Nanodiamonds as nanomaterial for biomedical field. Front. Mater. Sci., 2021, 15(3): 334-351.
Good biocompatibility, increase in hardness, promising for bone scaffolds and smart surgical tools
[70]
ND·ANG-1 inside ?β-TCP
β-TCP scaffolds were modified with NDs functionalized with ANG-1
Bone implants a)
Improvement of vascularization and bone regeneration, safe and easy tool using NDs for biomolecule immobilization and delivery
[71]
ND-PEG·anti-HER2 ?peptide
Acid-treated NDs coupled with PEG and then conjugated to anti-HER2 peptide
CA for PAM b)
NDs accumulation in breast tumors, nontoxic particles
[72]
ND-Gd3+(DO3A), ?ND-Mn2+(EDTA)
Carboxylated ND surface conjugated to conventional amino Gd3+/Mn2+ ion chelate
T1-weighted MRI CA (1st generation) b)
T1 contrast on MRI at high magnetic field
[73–74]
ND-PG-Gd3+-DTPA
Carboxylated ND surface conjugated to functionalized Gd(III) chelate PG
T1-weighted MRI CA (2nd generation) b)
Good dispersibility and high relaxometric properties
[75]
ND (HPHT, DET, ?natural)
Untreated or thermally oxidized
ND enhanced MRI via in situ hyperpolarization using OMRI, 1H and 13C MRI b)
No long-term toxicity of Gd(III), afford a different perspective to monitor and track functionalized ND in vivo
[76–79]
FND (HPHT NDs)
Intrinsic properties
Fluorescence imaging b)
High photostability (without photoblinking and photobleaching)
[80]
ND-dye
Covalently grafted dyes via click chemistry
Luminescence labeling b)
Fluorescent labeling that may undergo photobleaching
[81]
NDs·dBSA-?PEG3000-biotin
Biopolymer-based coating
Stable fluorescent labeling for bioimaging b)
Stabilizing electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to stabilize the systems
[82]
ND-OH·DOX (drug ?delivery)
Hydroxylated ND surface+ drug (DOX) adsorbed (1st generation)
Increased uptake by breast and liver cancer cells c)
Tumor-growth inhibition
[83]
ND-PEG·DOX
Coating with PEG+ DOX adsorbed (2nd generation)
Increased uptake, stabilization c)
Prevention of proteins and immune response adhesion, prolonged circulation time, tumor retention and better dispersion under physiological environment
[37,64,84]
ND-PAC
Covalent linkage of NDs to PAC
Drug delivery and cancer therapy c)
Decrease of ND-PAC complex cell viability of human lung (A549)
[85]
ND-PEG-FA·DOX
PEGylated NDs conjugated with folate and DOX
Increase in the specificity of drugs c)
Decrease of potential side effects, loading high number of DOX
[86]
ND-TAT-DOX
DOX and cell penetrating peptide (TAT) conjugated to the surface of oxidized NDs
Targeted drug release c)
To avoid premature release, optimization of intracellular drug delivery by enhancing the translocation across the cell membrane
[87]
ND·DOX, ND·EPI, ?ND·BLEO, ND·PAC, ?ND·MTX
Absorption of small hydrophobic anticancer drugs
Increased uptake c)
Improvement of drug retention
[7]
ND·PEI800·DNA (gene ?delivery)
Acid-treated ND surface coated with PEI+ DNA
Gene therapy mediated by NDs c)
Higher transfection efficiency, enhancement of plasmid DNA delivery
[88]
Tab.1
System
D/nm
r1/(s−1·mmol−1·L)
η/%
Experimental conditions
Ref.
B/T
t/°C
DET ND-C6-Gd3+(DO3A)·H2O
128 a)
58.8 (5.4 c))
988
1.5
37
[73]
DET ND-Si-C5-Gd3+(DO3A)·H2O
75
11.1 (6.4 d))
73
1.4
37
[103]
11.5 (4.8 d))
139
7
37
DET ND-Gd3+
7 b)
33.4 (4.8 e))
596
8
37
[74,104]
DET ND-PG-Gd3+(DTPA)·H2O
51
19.4 (3.7 f))
424
1.5
uk
[75]
16.7 (3.5 f))
377
3
uk
8.2 (3.4 f))
141
7
uk
DET ND-Mn2+(EDTA)·H2O
65
22.7 (1.7 g))
1235
7
uk
[105]
Tab.2
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
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