Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Materials Science

ISSN 2095-025X

ISSN 2095-0268(Online)

CN 11-5985/TB

Postal Subscription Code 80-974

2018 Impact Factor: 1.701

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Mater. Sci.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (2) : 157-167    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-016-0338-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Tailoring properties of reticulated vitreous carbon foams with tunable density
Oleg SMORYGO1,*(),Alexander MARUKOVICH1,Vitali MIKUTSKI1,Vassilis STATHOPOULOS2,Siarhei HRYHORYEU3,Vladislav SADYKOV4,5
1. Powder Metallurgy Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 41 Platonov Str., Minsk 220005, Belarus
2. Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada, Psahna Evias 34400, Greece
3. Belarusian National Technical University, 65 Nezavisimosty Ave., Minsk 220013, Belarus
4. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Sibrian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
5. Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., 630009, Novosibirsk, Russia
 Download: PDF(786 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) foams were manufactured by multiple replications of a polyurethane foam template structure using ethanolic solutions of phenolic resin. The aims were to create an algorithm of fine tuning the precursor foam density and ensure an open-cell reticulated porous structure in a wide density range. The precursor foams were pyrolyzed in inert atmospheres at 700°C, 1100°C and 2000°C, and RVC foams with fully open cells and tunable bulk densities within 0.09–0.42 g/cm3 were synthesized. The foams were characterized in terms of porous structure, carbon lattice parameters, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, and corrosive resistance. The reported manufacturing approach is suitable for designing the foam microstructure, including the strut design with a graded microstructure.
Keywords foam      vitreous carbon      reticulated      cellular structure      pyrolysis     
Corresponding Author(s): Oleg SMORYGO   
Online First Date: 13 April 2016    Issue Date: 11 May 2016
 Cite this article:   
Oleg SMORYGO,Alexander MARUKOVICH,Vitali MIKUTSKI, et al. Tailoring properties of reticulated vitreous carbon foams with tunable density[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2016, 10(2): 157-167.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-016-0338-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2016/V10/I2/157
Fig.1  Precursor foam densities after impregnation using the bakelite solutions with different concentration.
Fig.2  Precursor foam density vs. the number of additional impregnations at the bakelite solution concentration of 58.3% and the 20 ppi cell size.
Fig.3  TG plots of PUF and bakelite.
Fig.4  XRD patterns of carbons treated at different temperatures.
Treatment temperature /°C Crystallographic parameters
d002 /? d10* /? Lc,002 /? La,10* /?
700 4.07 2.04 181 170
1100 3.93 2.06 209 200
2000 3.54 2.08 251 380
Tab.1  Crystallographic parameters of carbons after treatment at different temperatures
Fig.5  Cellular structures of the prepared RVC foams at densities of (a) 0.062 g/cm3, (b) 0.092 g/cm3 and (c) 0.174?g/cm3. Bulb formation is marked with arrows.
Fig.6  (a) Fractured strut at not hindered gas release, (b) microstructure of the fracture surface and (c) the fractured strut at hindered gas release.
Fig.7  Typical stress–strain curve.
Fig.8  Compressive strength vs. bulk density of the foams prepared at different temperatures.
Fig.9  Compressive modulus vs. bulk density of the foams prepared at different temperatures.
Fig.10  Bending strength vs. bulk density of the prepared foams.
Fig.11  Thermal conductivity vs. bulk density of the prepared foams.
Fig.12  Electric conductivity vs. bulk density of the prepared foams.
Fig.13  Weight losses of the prepared foams in strongly corrosive media.
Fig.14  Surface morphologies of the RVCs after treatments in (a) NaOH, (b) H2SO4 +HNO3, and (c) HF.
1 Friedrich J M, Ponce-de-Leon C, Reade G W, . Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2004, 561: 203–217
2 Czarnecki J S, Blackmore M, Jolivet S, . Bone growth on Reticulated Vitreous Carbon foam scaffolds and implementation of Cellular Automata modeling as a predictive tool. Carbon, 2014, 79: 135–148
3 Banerjee A, Saha D, Guru Row T N, . A soluble-lead redox flow battery with corrugated graphite sheet and reticulated vitreous carbon as positive and negative current collectors. Bulletin of Materials Science, 2013, 36(1): 163–170
4 Chakhovskoi A G, Hunt C E, Forsberg G, . Reticulated vitreous carbon field emission cathodes for light source applications. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 2003, 21(1): 571–575
5 Gallego N C, Klett J W. Carbon foams for thermal management. Carbon, 2003, 41(7): 1461–1466
6 Li Q, Batchelor-McAuley C, Lawrence N S, . A flow system for hydrogen peroxide production at reticulated vitreous carbon via electroreduction of oxygen. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2014, 18(5): 1215–1221
7 Xiao N, Zhou Y, Ling Z, . Carbon foams made of in situ produced carbon nanocapsules and the use as a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Carbon, 2013, 60: 514–522
8 Gokhale A A, Kumar N V R, Sudhakar B, . Cellular metals and ceramics for defence applications. Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(5): 567–575
9 Xiao N, Zhou Y, Ling Z, . Synthesis of a carbon nanofiber/carbon foam composite from coal liquefaction residue for the separation of oil and water. Carbon, 2013, 59: 530–536
10 Letellier M, Macutkevic J, Paddubskaya A, . Microwave dielectric properties of tannin-based carbon foams. Ferroelectrics, 2015, 479(1): 119–126
11 Xiao N, Ling Z, Zhou Y, . Synthesis and structure of carbon belts made of carbon nanofibers supported on carbon foams. Carbon, 2013, 61: 386–394
12 Goncalves E S, Dalmolin C, Biaggio S R, . Influence of heat treatment temperature on the morphological and structural aspects of reticulated vitreous carbon used in polyaniline electrosynthesis. Applied Surface Science, 2007, 253(20): 8340–8344
13 Manocha S M, Patel K, Manocha L M. Development of carbon foam from phenolic resin via template route. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Science., 2010, 17(5): 338–342
14 Inagaki M, Qiu J S, Guo Q G. Carbon foam: preparation and application. Carbon, 2015, 87: 128–152
15 Cowlard F C, Lewis J C. Vitreous carbon - a new form of carbon. Journal of Materials Science, 1967, 2(6): 507–512
16 Smorygo O, Marukovich A, Mikutski V, . Macrocellular vitreous carbon with the improved mechanical strength. Frontiers of Materials Science, 2015, 9(4): 413–417
17 Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Zhou Y. Effect of furfural alcohol/phenol-formaldehyde resin mass ratio on the properties of porous carbon. Materials Letters, 2013, 109: 124–126
18 Martinez de Yuso A, Lagel M C, Pizzi A, . Structure and properties of rigid foams derived from quebracho tannin. Materials & Design, 2014, 63: 208–212
19 Tondi G, Fierro V, Pizzi A, . Tannin-based carbon foams. Carbon, 2009, 47(6): 1480–1492
20 ERG Materials and Aerospace Corporation. 900 Stanford Avenue, Oakland, CA 94608, USA: Duocel® reticulated vitreous carbon foam datasheet
21 Ultramet. Advanced Materials Solutions. 12173 Montague Street, Pacoima CA 91331, USA: Reticulated vitreous carbon foam datasheet
22 Ashby M F. The properties of foams and lattices. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2006, 364(1838): 15–30
23 Smorygo O, Mikutski V, Marukovich A, . An inverted spherical model of an open-cell foam structure. Acta Materialia, 2011, 59(7): 2669–2678
24 Jana P, Fierro V, Pizzi A, . Thermal conductivity improvement of composite carbon foams based on tannin-based disordered carbon matrix and graphite fillers. Materials & Design, 2015, 83: 635–643
25 Pekala W R, Hopper R W. Low-density microcellular carbon foams. Journal of Materials Science, 1987, 22(5): 1840–1844
26 Leonov A N, Smorygo O L, Sheleg V K. Monolithic catalyst supports with foam structure. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 1997, 60(2): 259–267
27 Klug H P, Alexander L E. X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1974
28 Kurauchi T, Sato N, Kamigaito O, . Mechanism of high energy absorption by foamed materials-foamed rigid polyurethane and foamed glass. Journal of Materials Science, 1984, 19(3): 871–880
29 Gibson L J, Ashby M F. The mechanics of three-dimensional cellular materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 1782, 1982(382): 43–59
30 Brezny R, Green D. Fracture behavior of open-cell ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1989, 72(7): 1145–1152
31 Li X, Basso M C, Braghiroli F L, . Tailoring the structure of cellular vitreous carbon foams. Carbon, 2012, 50(5): 2026–2036
32 Szczurek A, Fierro V, Pizzi A, . Carbon meringues derived from flavanoid tannins. Carbon, 2013, 65: 214–227
33 Klett J W, McMillan A D, Gallego N C, . The role of structure on the thermal properties of graphitic foams. Journal of Materials Science, 2004, 39(11): 3659–3676
34 Nakamura K, Morooka H, Tanabe Y, . Surface oxidation and/or corrosion behavior of glass-like carbon in sulfuric and nitric acids, and in aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Corrosion Science, 2011, 53(12): 4010–4013
35 Nakamura K, Tanabe Y, Yasuda E. Analysis of the oxidation behavior of neat and Ta-alloyed glass-like carbons heat-treated at 1200 and 3000°C by nitric, sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2006, 414(1–2): 186–189
[1] Qian WANG, Guihua MENG, Jianning WU, Yixi WANG, Zhiyong LIU, Xuhong GUO. Novel robust cellulose-based foam with pH and light dual-response for oil recovery[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(2): 118-128.
[2] Jiangli XUE, Maosong MO, Zhuming LIU, Dapeng YE, Zhihua CHENG, Tong XU, Liangti QU. A general synthesis strategy for the multifunctional 3D polypyrrole foam of thin 2D nanosheets[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(2): 105-117.
[3] Oleg SMORYGO,Alexander MARUKOVICH,Vitali MIKUTSKI,Andika PRAMONO. Macrocellular vitreous carbon with the improved mechanical strength[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2015, 9(4): 413-417.
[4] Prasanta Kumar BISWAS,Nilanjana DAS. Soft chemistry based sponge-like indium tin oxide (ITO) ---- a prospective component of photoanode for solar cell application[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2015, 9(2): 126-131.
[5] Chang YANG, Yun-Qing KANG, Xiao-Ming LIAO, Ya-Dong YAO, Zhong-Bing HUANG, Guang-Fu YIN, . Preparation of PLGA/β-TCP composite scaffolds with supercritical CO 2 foaming technique[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2010, 4(3): 314-320.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed