Graphene: from synthesis to engineering to biosensor applications

doi:10.1007/s11706-018-0409-0

Front. Mater. Sci.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (1) : 1-20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-018-0409-0

REVIEW ARTICLE

Graphene: from synthesis to engineering to biosensor applications

Jagpreet SINGH¹, Aditi RATHI², Mohit RAWAT¹, Manoj GUPTA³(

)

¹. Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib-140406, Punjab, India
². Intelligent Material Pvt. Ltd. (Nanoshel LLC), Derabassi-140507, Punjab, India
³. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore

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Abstract

Graphene is a fascinating material of recent origin whose first isolation was being made possible through micromechanical cleavage of a graphite crystal. Owing to its fascinating properties, graphene has garnered significant attention in the research community for multiple applications. A number of methods have been employed for the synthesis of single-layer and multi-layer graphene. The extraordinary properties of graphene such as its Hall effect at room temperature, high surface area, tunable bandgap, high charge mobility and excellent electrical, conducting and thermal properties allow for the development of sensors of various types and also opened the doors for its use in nanoelectronics, supercapacitors and batteries. Biological aspects of graphene have also been investigated with particular emphasis on its toxicity and drug delivery. In this review, many of the salient aspects of graphene, such as from synthesis to its applications, primarily focusing on sensor applications which are of current interest, are covered.

Keywords graphene nanoelectronics Hall effect tunable bandgap supercapacitors sensors catalysis

Corresponding Author(s): Manoj GUPTA

Online First Date: 23 January 2018 Issue Date: 07 March 2018

Cite this article:

Jagpreet SINGH,Aditi RATHI,Mohit RAWAT, et al. Graphene: from synthesis to engineering to biosensor applications[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(1): 1-20.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-018-0409-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2018/V12/I1/1

Fig.1 Schematic diagram showing that graphene can be wrapped to form 0D fullerenes, 1D CNTs, or stacked to form 3D graphite. Reproduced from Ref. [14].

Fig.2 Schematic diagram showing the band structure of graphene in absence and presence of electric field: (a) monolayer and (b) bilayer graphene. (c) When an electric field E is applied perpendicular to the bilayer, a bandgap is opened in bilayer graphene, whose size (2?) is tunable by the electric field. Reproduced from Ref. [36].

Fig.3 Schematic diagram showing the representative transmittance of different graphene layers. UV-vis spectra roll-to-roll, layer-by-layer transferred graphene films on quartz substrates. The inset shows the UV spectra of graphene films with and without HNO₃ doping. Reproduced from Ref. [39].

Fig.4 Schematic diagrams: (a) High-resolution scanning electron microscopy image of the suspended graphene flakes; (b) Schematic of the experimental setup for measuring the thermal conductivity of graphene. Reproduced from Ref. [49].

Fig.5 Schematic diagram showing steps of?the mechanical exfoliation of graphene from graphite using scotch tape: (a) adhesive side of the tape is pressed onto the HOPG; (b) tape is peeled away with graphite layer sticking on it; (c) newly made surface is again pressed along the pristine adhesive; (d) Si/SiO₂ substrate softly pressed against the taped to get the graphite layers. Reproduced from Ref. [50].

Fig.6 Schematic diagrams: (a)?GICs prepared by the intercalation of alkali metal ions;? (b)?direct exfoliation and noncovalent functionalization and solubilization of graphene by using the potassium salt of coronene tetracarboxylic acid (PCT). Reproduced from Ref. [58].

Fig.7 Schematics of the exfoliation mechanism for the peroxide electrolyte. Reproduced from Ref. [59].

Fig.8 Schematic illustration of the thermal decomposition method. Reproduced from Ref. [60].

Fig.9 Schematic showing the steps in Hummers method. Reproduced from Ref. [61].

Tab.1 Advantages and disadvantages of techniques currently used to produce graphene [88]

Tab.2 Applications of polymer–graphene nanocomposites in biomedical field [89–101]

Tab.3 Different nanocarbon materials used in sensor applications [123–131]

Fig.10 Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for DNA, protein and cancer cell detection. Reproduced from Ref. [133].

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of the RGO device. An RGO sheet bridges the source and drains electrodes, which closes the circuit. Reproduced from Ref. [135].

Fig.12 Schematic of the VG-based FET immunosensor. Reproduced from Ref. [156].

Fig.13 Schematic of the protocol and Nyquist plots of the graphene surface implemented in the presence of the probe, complementary target, 1-mismatched sequence and a non-complementary sequence. Reproduced from Ref. [158].

Fig.14 Schematic of (a) the novel gas-sensing platform of an RGO sheet decorated with SnO₂ NCs and (b) of the sensor testing system. Reproduced from Ref. [160].

Fig.15 Schematic illustration of (a) protocols employed for functionalization of GO with cysteamine and (b) for Hg²⁺ determination. Reproduced from Ref. [161].

Fig.16 Schematic showing preparation of PBNCs/rGO nanocomposite-based AChE biosensor and the electrocatalytic mechanism for acetylthiocholine oxidation. Reproduced from Ref. [165].

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