Nanotheranostics and its role in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19

doi:10.1007/s11706-022-0611-y

Front. Mater. Sci.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (2) : 220611 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-022-0611-y

MINI-REVIEW

Nanotheranostics and its role in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19

Lipsa Leena PANIGRAHI, Banishree SAHOO, Manoranjan ARAKHA(

)

Center for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India

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Abstract

Microbe-related, especially viral-related pandemics have currently paralyzed the world and such pathogenesis is expected to rise in the upcoming years. Although tremendous efforts are being made to develop antiviral drugs, very limited progress has been made in this direction. The nanotheranostic approach can be a highly potential rescue to combat this pandemic. Nanoparticles (NPs) due to their high specificity and biofunctionalization ability could be utilized efficiently for prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment against microbial infections. In this context, titanium oxide, silver, gold NPs, etc. have already been utilized against deadly viruses like influenza, Ebola, HIV, and HBV. The discovery of sophisticated nanovaccines is under investigation and of prime importance to induce reproducible and strong immune responses against difficult pathogens. This review focuses on highlighting the role of various nano-domain materials such as metallic NPs, magnetic NPs, and quantum dots in the biomedical applications to combat the deadly microbial infections. Further, it also discusses the nanovaccines those are already available for various microbial diseases or are in clinical trials. Finally, it gives a perspective on the various nanotechnologies presently employed for efficient diagnosis and therapy against disease causing microbial infections, and how advancement in this field can benefit the health sector remarkably.

Keywords nanotheranostics nanovaccine antimicrobial antiviral SARS-CoV-2

Corresponding Author(s): Manoranjan ARAKHA

Issue Date: 14 July 2022

Cite this article:

Lipsa Leena PANIGRAHI,Banishree SAHOO,Manoranjan ARAKHA. Nanotheranostics and its role in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(2): 220611.

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https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-022-0611-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2022/V16/I2/220611

Fig.1 Different types of NPs commonly used for various biomedical applications. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [22].

Fig.2 Nanotheranostic methods: (a) self-assembly of DNA nucleotides for controlled and targeted drug release (self-assembly procedures are based on different strategies including assembly of DNA tiles, origami and DNA self-assembly); (b) CNT functionalized with single stranded DNA probe for diagnosis of specific pathological conditions (these nucleic acid assemblies with NPs have programmable design, excellent biocompatibility and outstanding biosafety [45]).

Fig.3 Pathway of SARS-CoV-2 infection (the figure shows the interaction of virus with the host cell facilitated by viral binding, internalization and release of viral genome for infection in the host [48]).

NPs	Characteristics	Theranostic uses	Refs.
Magnetic NPs	Biocompatibility; hyperthermia capability; high photothermal effect	As a catalyst and biomarker; detection of location of cancer and neurological disorders; T-cell based radiotherapies; detection of angiogenesis	[3]
Metallic NPs such as zinc, gold, silver, and titanium	Small size, high surface area, unique optical properties, and functionalization abilities with PEG and folic acid	Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity propensity; cancer treatment; photothermal, photodynamic, radio therapy; real-time imaging	[60]
Quantum dots (CdSe, ZnS)	High photoluminescence and quantum yield, minimum photobleaching, enhanced and discrete band energy gap due to quantum confinement	Single molecule and single particle tracking in vivo; bioimaging	[30?31]
Virus-like NPs	Trigger immune response, avoid nuclear enzymatic degradation	Multifunctional theranostic NPs; drug loading; bioimaging	[61]
DNA origami nanopores	Opened and closed by varying parameters like pH, temperature, salt, and light	Controlled drug delivery	[62]
Nanofibre scaffold	3D cell culture, stable beta pleated sheet and strand, and self-assembly properties	Controlled drug delivery; regenerative medicine	[63]
GlycoNPs	Multivalent interaction of sugar; size range of biomolecules; quantum size effect	Biosensors, anti-adhesive, cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, efficient probe molecule	[64]
Carbon nanotubes (SWNT, MWNT)	Property of measuring change in electrical conductivity, high specificity, enhanced biocompatibility and circulation time	Disease detection by probe; targeted drug delivery	[65]
Amino acid-based nanobowl	Property of self-assembly, high specific surface area; concave shape, high pore-volume, and low density	Stimulus-responsive carrier of anti-cancer drugs like Dox; pH-sensitive drug targeted drug delivery	[66]
Short di- or tri-peptides (cysteine-phenylalanine)	Property of self-assembly, redox-processes sensitive like NADP⁺/NADPH system, O₂/O₂^?? system, GSH/GSSG system, etc.	Targeted drug delivery based on redox sensitivity	[67]
Liposomes	Property of fusing with cell membrane to release its content in cytoplasm; high circulation time, and targeted drug delivery upon functionalization with PEG	Cancer diagnosis and therapy; vaccine development; brain-targeted drug delivery; antimicrobial therapy	[60]
Dendrimers	Hyperbranched, compartmentalized structure; high monodispersity, very small size (1?15 nm)	Cavity ensures efficient drug carrying capacity, easy surface modification ensures targeted drug delivery like that of polyethylineimine, chitin, etc.	[60,68]
Micelles	Sphere shaped shell made of hydrophilic component; core made of hydrophobic component	Deliver hydrophobic drugs; dynamic structure leads to versatile drug loading, conjugation, and low dissolution of drugs	[60]
Nanogels	Property of swelling, flexible size, high water content	Mimimize drug leakage, same formulation carry various drug candidates like nucleic acid, cytokines, vaccines, and anti-tumor candidates	[60]
Nanodiamonds	Contain sp² carbon on surface; contain chemically inert core	MRI, manufacture of contact lenses, drug delivery for tumors	[60]
Silica-based NPs	Porosity, efficient functionalization property; large surface area for water adsorption, and stabilize therapeutic molecules	Constant drug delivery rate, stimuli responsive targeted drug delivery	[69]
Solid lipid NPs (SLNs)	Aqueous colloidal dispersion	Encapsulate huge amount of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs for cancers, pulmonary diseases, etc.; oral drug delivery purposes	[70]

Tab.1 Nano-based therapy for some viral infections [3,30?31,60–70]

Fig.4 Nano-based technologies for COVID-19: role of nano-based technologies for pandemic diagnosis as well as prevention. NPs can be used as a synthetic platform for vaccines formulations and immunomodulation.

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the nanotheranostic approach to combat COVID-19. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [14].

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