1. Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 2. International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
We review experimental advances in the study of the electron transport in three-dimensional topological insulators with emphasis on experiments that attempted to identify the surface transport. Recent results on transport properties of topological insulator thin films will be discussed in the context of weak antilocalization and electron–electron interactions. Current status of gate-voltage control of the chemical potential in topological insulators will also be described.
Corresponding Author(s):
Li Yong-qing,Email:yqli@iphy.ac.cn; Wu Ke-hui,Email:khwu@iphy.ac.cn
引用本文:
. Electron transport properties of three-dimensional topological insulators[J]. Frontiers of Physics, 2012, 7(2): 165-174.
Yong-qing Li, Ke-hui Wu, Jun-ren Shi, Xin-cheng Xie. Electron transport properties of three-dimensional topological insulators. Front. Phys. , 2012, 7(2): 165-174.
K. von Klitzing, G. Dorda, and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 1980, 45(6): 494 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494
2
M. K?nig, S. Wiedmann, C. Brüne, A. Roth, H. Buhmann, L. W. Molenkamp, X. L. Qi, and S.-C. Zhang, Science , 2007, 318(5851): 766 doi: 10.1126/science.1148047
3
B. A. Bernevig, T. A. Hughes, and S.-C. Zhang, Science , 2006, 314(5806): 1757 doi: 10.1126/science.1133734
D. Hsieh, D. Qian, L. Wray, Y. Xia, Y. S. Hor, R. J. Cava, and M. Z. Hasan, Nature (London) , 2008, 452(7190): 970 doi: 10.1038/nature06843
11
Y. Xia, D. Qian, D. Hsieh, L. Wray, A. Pal, H. Lin, A. Bansil, D. Grauer, Y. S. Hor, R. J. Cava, and M. Z. Hasan, Nat. Phys. , 2009, 5(6): 398 doi: 10.1038/nphys1274
12
Y. L. Chen, J. G. Analytis, J. H. Chu, Z. K. Liu, S.-K. Mo, X. L. Qi, H. J. Zhang, D. H. Lu, X. Dai, Z. Fang, S.-C. Zhang, I. R. Fisher, Z. Hussain, and Z.-X. Shen, Science , 2009, 325(5937): 178 doi: 10.1126/science.1173034
13
P. Roushan, J. Seo, C. V. Parker, Y. S. Hor, D. Hsieh, D. Qian, A. Richardella, M. Z. Hasan, R. J. Cava, and A. Yazdani, Nature (London) , 2009, 460(7259): 1106 doi: 10.1038/nature08308
14
T. Zhang, P. Cheng, X. Chen, J. F. Jia, X. C. Ma, K. He, L. L. Wang, H. J. Zhang, X. Dai, Z. Fang, X. C. Xie, and Q. K. Xue, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2009, 103(26): 266803 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.266803
A. R. Akhmerov, J. Nilsson, and C. W. J. Beenakker, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2009, 102(21): 216404 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.216404
30
Y. S. Hor, A. Richardella, P. Roushan, Y. Xia, J. G. Checkelsky, A. Yazdani, M. Z. Hasan, N. P. Ong, and R. J. Cava, Phys. Rev. B , 2009, 79(19): 195208 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195208
31
Y. L. Chen, J.-H. Chu, J. G. Analytis, Z. K. Liu, K. Igarashi, H.-H. Kuo, X. L. Qi, S. K. Mo, R. G. Moore, D. H. Lu, M. Hashimoto, T. Sasagawa, S.-C. Zhang, I. R. Fisher, Z. Hussain, and Z. X. Shen, Science , 2010, 329(5992): 659, and also online supporting materials doi: 10.1126/science.1189924
32
N. P. Butch, K. Kirshenbaum, P. Syers, A. B. Sushkov, G. S. Jenkins, H. D. Drew, and J.Paglione, Phys. Rev. B , 2010, 81(24): 241301 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.241301
33
J. G. Analytis, R. D. McDonald, S. C. Riggs, J. H. Chu, G. S. Boebinger, and I. R. Fisher, Nat. Phys. , 2010, 6(12): 960 doi: 10.1038/nphys1861
34
M. Bianchi, D. Guan, S. Bao, J. L. Mi, B. B. Iversen, P. D. C. King, and Ph. Hofmann, Nat. Commun. , 2010, 1(8): 128 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1131
35
J. G. Analytis, J.-H. Chu, Y. L. Chen, F. Corredor, R. D. McDonald, Z. X. Shen, and I. R. Fisher, Phys. Rev. B , 2010, 81(20): 205407 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.205407
36
D. X. Qu, Y. S. Hor, J. Xiong, R. J. Cava, and N. P. Ong, Science , 2010, 329(5993): 821 doi: 10.1126/science.1189792
37
F. Xiu, L. He, Y. Wang, L. Cheng, L.-T. Chang, M. Lang, G. Huang, X. Kou, Y. Zhou, X. Jiang, Z. Chen, J. Zou, A. Shailos, and K. L. Wang, Nat. Nano. , doi: 10.1038/nnano.2011.19
38
Z. Ren, A. A. Taskin, S. Sasaki, K. Segawa, and Y. Ando, Phys. Rev. B , 2010, 82(24): 241306 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.241306
39
J. Xiong, A. C. Petersen, Dongxia Qu, R. J. Cava, and N. P. Ong, arXiv:1101.1315 , 2011
40
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, Nature (London) , 2005, 438(7065): 197 doi: 10.1038/nature04233
41
Y. B. Zhang, Y. W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Nature (London) , 2005, 438(7065): 201 doi: 10.1038/nature04235
42
A. A. Taskin and Y. Ando, arXiv:1103.3096 , 2011
43
B. L. Altshuler, A. G. Aronov, and B. Z. Spivak, JETP Lett. , 1981, 33: 94
D. Y. Sharvin and Y. V. Sharvin, JETP Lett. , 1981, 34: 272
46
C. Sch?nenberger, A. Bachtold, C. Strunk, J.-P. Salvetat, J.- M. Bonard, L. Forró, and T. Nussbaumer, Nature (London) , 1999, 397(6721): 673 doi: 10.1038/17755
47
H. L. Peng, K. Lai, D. Kong, S. Meister, Y. Chen, X. L. Qi, S.-C. Zhang, Z.-X. Shen, and Y. Cui, Nat. Mater. , 2010, 9(3): 225
48
J. H. Bardarson, P. W. Brouwer, and J. E. Moore, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2010, 105(15): 156803 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.156803
Y. Y. Qin, Z. G. Li, Z. Qu, Q. H. Wang, W. F. Ding, B. G. Wang, X. F. Wang, C. Van Haesondonck, F. Q. Song, M. Han, Y. H. Zhang, G. H. Wang, and J. G. Wan, arXiv:1012.0104 , 2010
51
D. Hsieh, Y. Xia, L. Wray, D. Qian, A. Pal, J. H. Dil, J. Osterwalder, F. Meier, G. Bihlmayer, C. L. Kane, Y. S. Hor, R. J. Cava, and M. Z. Hasan, Science , 2009, 323(5916): 919 doi: 10.1126/science.1167733
H. Z. Lu, W. Y. Shan, W. Yao, Q. Niu, and S. Q. Shen, Phys. Rev. B , 2010, 81: 115407 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.115407
54
C. X. Liu, H. J. Zhang, B. H. Yan, X. L. Qi, T. Frauenheim, X. Dai, Z. Fang, and S.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B. , 2010, 81(4): 041307(R) doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.041307
55
G. H. Zhang, H. J. Qin, J. Teng, J. D. Guo, Q. Guo, X. Dai, Z. Fang, and K. H. Wu, Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2009, 95: 053114 doi: 10.1063/1.3200237
56
K. He, Y. Zhang, C. Z. Chang, C. L. Song, L. L. Wang, X. Chen, J. F. Jia, Z. Fang, X. Dai, W. Y. Shan, S. Q. Shen, Q. Niu, X. L. Qi, S.-C. Zhang, X. C. Ma, and Q. K. Xue, Nat. Phys. , 2010, 6(8): 584 doi: 10.1038/nphys1689
57
Y. Zhang, C. Z. Chang, K. He, L. L. Wang, X. Chen, J. F. Jia, X. C. Ma, and Q. K. Xue, . Appl Phys. Lett. , 2010, 97(19): 194102 doi: 10.1063/1.3516160
58
C. L. Song, Y. L. Wang, Y. P. Jiang, Y. Zhang, C. Z. Chang, L. Wang, K. He, X. Chen, J. F. Jia, Y. Wang, Z. Fang, X. Dai, X. C. Xie, X. L. Qi, S.-C. Zhang, Q. K. Xue, and X. C. Ma, Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2010, 97(14): 143118 doi: 10.1063/1.3494595
59
J. Chen, H. J. Qin, F. Yang, J. Liu, T. Guan, F. M. Qu, G. H. Zhang, J. R. Shi, X. C. Xie, C. L. Yang, K. H. Wu, Y. Q. Li, and L. Lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2010, 105(17): 176602 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.176602
60
G. H. Zhang, H. J. Qin, J. Chen, X. Y. He, L. Lu, Y. Q. Li, and K. H. Wu, Adv. Func. Mater. , doi: 10.1002/adfm.201002667 pmid:, 2011
61
H. D. Li, Z. Y. Wang, X. Guo, T. L. Wong, N. Wang, and M. H. Xie, Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2011, 98(4): 043104 doi: 10.1063/1.3548865
62
C. Z. Chang, K. He, L. L. Wang, X. C. Ma, M. H. Liu, Z. C. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Y. Wang, and Q. K. Xue, arXiv:1012.5716 , 2010
63
Y. Y. Li, G. Wang, X. G. Zhu, M. H. Liu, C. Ye, X. Chen, Y. Y. Wang, K. He, L. L. Wang, X. C. Ma, H. J. Zhang, X. Dai, Z. Fang, X. C. Xie, Y. Liu, X. L. Qi, J. F. Jia, S.-C. Zhang, and Q. K. Xue, Adv. Mater. , 2010, 22(36): 4002 doi: 10.1002/adma.201000368
64
H. D. Li, Z. Y. Wang, X. Kan, X. Guo, H. T. He, Z. Wang, J. N. Wang, T. L. Wong, N. Wang, and M. H. Xie, New J. Phys. , 2010, 12(10): 103038 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/12/10/103038
65
A. Richardella, D. M. Zhang, J. S. Lee, A. Koser, D. W. Rench, A. L. Yeats, B. B. Buckley, D. D. Awschalom, and N. Samarth, Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2010, 97(26): 262104 doi: 10.1063/1.3532845
66
P. Cheng, C. Song, T. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. F. Jia, J. Wang, Y. Wang, B. F. Zhu, X. Chen, X. C. Ma, K. He, L. Wang, X. Dai, Z. Fang, X. C. Xie, X. L. Qi, C. X. Liu, S.-C. Zhang, and Q. K. Xue, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2010, 105(7): 076801 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.076801
67
H. T. He, G. Wang, T. Zhang, I.-K. Sou, G. K. L. Wong, and J. N. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2011, 106(16): 166805 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.166805
68
M. H. Liu, C. Z. Chang, Z. C. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Ruan, K. He, L. L.Wang, X. Chen, J. F. Jia, S.-C. Zhang, Q. K. Xue, X. C. Ma, and Y. Y. Wang, Phys. Rev. B , 2011, 83(16): 165440 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.165440
69
J. Wang, A. M. DaSilva, C. Z. Chang, K. He, J. K. Jain, N. Samarth, X. C. Ma, Q.-K. Xue, and M. H. W. Chan, arXiv:1012.0271 , 2010
70
J. Chen, X. Y. He, K. H. Wu, Z. Q. Ji, L. Lu, J. R. Shi, J. H. Smet, and Y. Q. Li, arXiv:1104.0986 , 2011, to appear in Phys. Rev. B (Rapid Commun.)
71
D. Hsieh, Y. Xia, D. Qian, L. Wray, J. H. Dil, F. Meier, J. Osterwalder, L. Patthey, J. G. Checkelsky, N. P. Ong, A. V. Fedorov, H. Lin, A. Bansil, D. Grauer, Y. S. Hor, R. J. Cava, and M. Z. Hasan, Nature (London) , 2009, 460(7259): 1101 doi: 10.1038/nature08234
72
J. Chen, X. Y. He, K. H. Wu, and Y. Q. Li, unpublished
73
D. S. Kong, J. J. Cha, K. J. Lai, H. L. Peng, J. G. Analytis, S. Meister, Y. L. Chen, H. J. Zhang, I. R. Fisher, Z.-X. Shen, and Y. Cui, arXiv:1102.3935 , 2011
74
D. Teweldebrhan, V. Goyal, and A. A. Balandin, Nano Lett. , 2010, 10(4): 1209 doi: 10.1021/nl903590b
75
J. G. Checkelsky, Y. S. Hor, R. J. Cava, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2011, 106: 196801 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.196801
76
D. Kong, W. Dang, J. J. Cha, H. Li, S. Meister, H. Peng, Z. Liu, and Y. Cui, Nano Lett. , 2010, 10(6): 2245 doi: 10.1021/nl101260j
77
R. Yu, W. Zhang, H. J. Zhang, S.-C. Zhang, X. Dai, and Z. Fang, Science , 2010, 329(5987): 61 doi: 10.1126/science.1187485
78
X. L. Qi, R. D. Li, J. Zang, and S.-C. Zhang, Science , 2009, 323(5918): 1184 doi: 10.1126/science.1167747
H. Steinberg, J. Laloe, V. Fatemi, J. S. Moodera, and P. Jarillo-Herrero, arXiv:1104.1404 , 2011
81
H. Steinberg, D. R. Gardner, Y. S. Lee, and P. Jarillo-Herrero, Nano Lett. , 2010, 10(12): 5032 doi: 10.1021/nl1032183
82
R. C. Neville, B. Hoeneisen, and C. A. Mead, J. Appl. Phys. , 1972, 43(5): 2124 doi: 10.1063/1.1661463
83
D. Caviglia, S. Gariglio, N. Reyren, D. Jaccard, T. Schneider, M. Gabay, S. Thiel, G. Hammerl, J. Mannhart, and J.-M. Triscone, Nature (London) , 2008, 456(7222): 624 doi: 10.1038/nature07576
84
P. M. Ostrovsky, I. V. Gornyi, and A. D. Mirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2010, 105: 036803 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.036803
85
E. McCann, K. Kechedzhi, V. I. Falko, H. Suzuura, T. Ando, and B. L. Altshuler, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2006, 97(14): 146805 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.146805
86
The coefficient α would be 4 × 1/2= 2 for graphene if the intervalley and chirality breaking scatterings could be neglected.
S. Hikami, A. I. Larkin, and Y. N agaoka, Prog. Theor. Phys. , 1980, 63(2): 707 doi: 10.1143/PTP.63.707
90
H. Hoffmann, F. Hofmann, and W. Schoepe, Phys. Rev. B , 1982, 25(8): 5563 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.25.5563
91
O. Rabin, K. Nielsch, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. A , 2006, 82(3): 471 doi: 10.1007/s00339-005-3383-1
92
α?1/2 was also obtained previously from Bi2Se3 thin films on Si by F. Yang et al. (unpublished)
93
Qualitatively similar variation of α with VG was also reported in Ref. [75], in which the weak antilocalization signal is however superimposed on fluctuating background of unknown origin. The non-Hall-bar device-geometry also precluded accurate determination of α in that work.
94
M. Kawasaki, K. Takahashi, T. Maeda, R. Tsuchiya, M. Shinohara, O. Ishiyama, T. Yonezawa, and H. K oinuma, Science , 1994, 266: 1540 doi: 10.1126/science.266.5190.1540
B. L. Altshuler and A. G. Aronov, in: Electron-Electron Interactions in Disordered Systems, edited by A. L. Efros and M. Pollak, Amsterdam, North-Holland , 1985
100
B. L. Altshuler, A. G. Aronov, and A. Y. Zuzin, Solid State Commun. , 1982, 44(2): 137 doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(82)90416-1
101
A. Sahnoune, J. O. Strom-Olsen, and H. E. Fischer, Phys. Rev. B , 1992, 46(16): 10035 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.10035