|
|
|
Intermediate structures in two-dimensional molecular self-assembly |
Karl-Heinz ERNST1,2( ) |
| 1. Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; 2. Fachbereich Chemie, Universit?t Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland |
|
|
|
|
Abstract We discuss the occurrence of transition structures observed in molecular self-assembly at surfaces. The increasing surface coverage transitions from low coverage structures to high coverage structures are a common phenomenon. However, often observed and not perfectly understood is the formation of intermediate structures, sometimes with lower lateral density than the initial phase. We will present different examples from our recent work and discuss the possible mechanisms of intermediate phase formation. In addition, we present intermediate structures occurring due to temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions.
|
| Keywords
scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)
polymorphism
corannulene
heptahelicene
chirality
|
|
Corresponding Author(s):
ERNST Karl-Heinz,Email:Karl-Heinz.Ernst@empa.ch
|
|
Issue Date: 05 December 2010
|
|
| 1 |
J. D. Dunitz and J. Bernstein, Acc. Chem. Res. , 1995, 28: 193
doi: 10.1021/ar00052a005
|
| 2 |
J. Bauer, S. Spanton, R. Henry, J. Quick, W. Dziki, W. Porter, and J. Morris, Pharm. Res. , 2001, 18: 859
doi: 10.1023/A:1011052932607
|
| 3 |
R. Hilfiker (Ed.), Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006
|
| 4 |
I. Weissbuch, L. Addadi, M. Lahav, and L. Leiserowitz, Science 1991, 253: 637
doi: 10.1126/science.253.5020.637
|
| 5 |
L. Addadi and S. Weiner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 1985, 82: 4110
doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4110
|
| 6 |
G. Ertl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2008, 47: 3524
doi: 10.1002/anie.200800480
|
| 7 |
K.-H. Ernst, Top. Curr. Chem. , 2006, 265: 209
doi: 10.1007/128_036
|
| 8 |
S. De Feyter and F. De Schryver, Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2003, 32: 139
doi: 10.1039/b206566p
|
| 9 |
M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography: An Introduction to the Fundamental Geometrical Features of Crystals, New York: Wiley, 1956
|
| 10 |
D. Shechtmann, I. Blech, D. Cratias, and J.W. Cahn, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 1984, 53: 1951
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951
|
| 11 |
D. R. Nelson, Phys. Rev. B , 1983, 28: 5515
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.28.5515
|
| 12 |
I. Hargittai (Ed.), Fivefold Symmetry, Singapore: World Scientific, 1992
|
| 13 |
R. Lück, Mater. Sci. Eng. A , 2000, 294-296: 263
doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01302-2
|
| 14 |
K. E. Plass, A. L. Grzesiak, and A. J. Matzger, Acc. Chem. Res. , 2007, 40: 287
doi: 10.1021/ar0500158
|
| 15 |
T. Bauert, L. Merz, D. Bandera, M. Parschau, J. S. Siegel, and K.-H. Ernst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2009, 131: 3460
doi: 10.1021/ja8101083
|
| 16 |
M. Parschau, R. Fasel, K.-H. Ernst, O. Gr?ning, L. Brandenberger, R. Schillinger, T. Greber, A. P. Seitsonen, Y. T. Wu, and J. S. Siegel, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed ., 2007, 46: 8258
doi: 10.1002/anie.200700610
|
| 17 |
L. Merz, M. Parschau, L. Zoppi, K. K. Baldridge, J. S. Siegel, and K.-H. Ernst, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2009, 48: 1966
doi: 10.1002/anie.200804563
|
| 18 |
L. Merz, T. Bauert, M. Parschau, G. Koller, J. S. Siegel, and K.-H. Ernst, Chem. Commun. , 2009: 5871
doi: 10.1039/b911056a
|
| 19 |
L. Merz, M. Parschau, J. S. Siegel, and K.-H. Ernst, Chimia , 2009, 63: 214
doi: 10.2533/chimia.2009.214
|
| 20 |
Y. T. Wu and J. S. Siegel, Chem. Rev. , 2006, 106: 4843
doi: 10.1021/cr050554q
|
| 21 |
A. I. Kitajgorodskij, Acta. Cryst. , 1965, 18: 585
doi: 10.1107/S0365110X65001391
|
| 22 |
J. D. Dunitz and R. M. Ibberson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2008, 47: 4208
doi: 10.1002/anie.200800063
|
| 23 |
L. Merz and K.-H. Ernst, Surface Sci. , 2010, 604: 1049
doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2010.03.023
|
| 24 |
K.-H. Ernst, M. B?hringer, C. F. McFadden, P. Hug, U. Müller, and U. Ellerbeck, Nanotechnology , 1999, 10: 355
doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/10/3/320
|
| 25 |
K.-H. Ernst, M. Neuber, M. Grunze, and U. Ellerbeck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2001, 123: 493
doi: 10.1021/ja003262+
|
| 26 |
K.-H. Ernst, Y. Kuster, R. Fasel, C. F. McFadden, and U. Ellerbeck, Surf. Sci. , 2003, 530: 195
doi: 10.1016/S0039-6028(03)00489-8
|
| 27 |
R. Fasel, M. Parschau, and K.-H. Ernst, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2003, 42: 5178
doi: 10.1002/anie.200352232
|
| 28 |
M. Parschau, U. Ellerbeck, and K.-H. Ernst, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects , 2010, 354: 240
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.06.008
|
| 29 |
K.-H. Ernst, Y. Kuster, R. Fasel, M. Müller, and U. Ellerbeck, Chirality , 2001, 13: 675
doi: 10.1002/chir.10006
|
| 30 |
R. Fasel, M. Parschau, and K.-H. Ernst, Nature , 2006, 439-449
doi: 10.1038/nature04419
|
| 31 |
M. M. Green, M. P. Reidy, R. J. Johnson, G. Darling, D. J. O’Leary, and G. Wilson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1989, 111: 6452
doi: 10.1021/ja00198a084
|
| 32 |
M. Parschau, S. Romer, and K.-H. Ernst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2004, 124: 15398
doi: 10.1021/ja044136z
|
| 33 |
M. Parschau, T. Kampen, and K.-H. Ernst, Chem. Phys. Lett. , 2005, 407: 433
doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.117
|
| 34 |
K.-H. Ernst, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. , 2007, 13: 54
doi: 10.1016/j.cocis.2007.08.011
|
| 35 |
M. M. Green, B. A. Garetz, B. Munoz, H. Chang, S. Hoke, and R. G. Cooks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1995, 117: 4181
doi: 10.1021/ja00119a039
|
| 36 |
S. Haq, N. Liu, V. Humblot, A. P. J. Jansen, and R. Raval, Nature Chem. , 2009, 1: 409
doi: 10.1038/nchem.295
|
| 37 |
M. Parschau, R. Fasel, and K.-H. Ernst, Cryst. Growth & Des. , 2008, 8: 1890
doi: 10.1021/cg701100r
|
| 38 |
H. Yanagi, D. Schlettwein, H. Nakayama, and T. Nishino, Phys. Rev. B , 2000, 61: 1959
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.1959
|
| 39 |
S. Berner, M. Brunner, L. Ramoino, H. Suzuki, H.-J. Güntherodt, and T. A. Jung, Chem. Phys. Lett. , 2001, 348: 175
doi: 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)01158-7
|
| 40 |
S. Berner, M. de Wild, L. Ramoino, S. Ivan, A. Baratoff, H.-J. Güntherodt, H. Suzuki, and T. A. Jung, Phys. Rev. B , 2003, 68: 115410
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.115410
|
| 41 |
H. Yanagi, K. Ikuta, H. Mukai, and T. Shibutani, Nano Lett. , 2002, 2: 951
doi: 10.1021/nl0256762
|
| 42 |
S. Mannsfeld, H. Reichhard, and T. Fritz, Surf. Sci. , 2003, 525: 215
doi: 10.1016/S0039-6028(02)02562-1
|
| 43 |
N. Jiang, Y. Wang, Q. Liu, Y. Zhang, K.-H. Ernst, and H. J. Gao, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 2010, 12: 1318
doi: 10.1039/b918278k
|
| 44 |
K.-H. Ernst, D. Schlatterbeck, and K. Christmann, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys . 1999, 1: 4105
doi: 10.1039/a904169i
|
| 45 |
B. Behzadi, D. Ferri, A. Baiker, and K.-H. Ernst, Appl. Surf. Sci. , 2007, 253: 3480
doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.07.084
|
| 46 |
M. Parschau, B. Behzadi, S. Romer, and K.-H. Ernst, Surf. Interface Anal. , 2006, 38: 1607
doi: 10.1002/sia.2426
|
| 47 |
T. J. Seiders, E. L. Elliott, G. H. Grube, and J. S. Siegel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1999, 121: 7804
doi: 10.1021/ja991310o
|
| 48 |
A. Sudharkar and T. J. Katz, Tetrahedron Lett. , 1986, 27: 2231
doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)84494-9
|
| 49 |
T. Bürgi, A. Urakawa, B. Behzadi, K.-H. Ernst, and A. Baiker, New J. Chem. , 2004, 28: 332
doi: 10.1039/b312877f
|
| 50 |
R. Fasel, A. Cossy, K.-H. Ernst, F. Baumberger, T. Greber, and J. Osterwalder, J. Chem. Phys. , 2001, 115: 1020
doi: 10.1063/1.1377886
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
