|
|
Introduction to the CDEX experiment |
Ke-Jun Kang1, Jian-Ping Cheng1, Jin Li1, Yuan-Jing Li1, Qian Yue1, Yang Bai3, Yong Bi5, Jian-Ping Chang4, Nan Chen1, Ning Chen1, Qing-Hao Chen1, Yun-Hua Chen6, Yo-Chun Chuang7, Zhi Deng1, Qiang Du1, Hui Gong1, Xi-Qing Hao1, Hong-Jian He1, Qing-Ju He1, Xin-Hui Hu3, Han-Xiong Huang2, Teng-Rui Huang7, Hao Jiang1, Hau-Bin Li7, Jian-Min Li1, Jun Li4, Xia Li2, Xin-Ying Li3, Xue-Qian Li3(), Yu-Lan Li1, Heng-Ye Liao7, Fong-Kay Lin7, Shin-Ted Lin7, Shu-Kui Liu5, Ya-Bin Liu1, Lan-Chun Lü1, Hao Ma1, Shao-Ji Mao4, Jian-Qiang Qin1, Jie Ren2, Jing Ren1, Xi-Chao Ruan2, Man-Bin Shen6, Man-Bin Shen6, Lakhwinder Simgh7,8, Manoj Kumar Singh7,8, Arun Kumar Soma7,8, Jian Su1, Chang-Jian Tang5, Chao-Hsiung Tseng7, Ji-Min Wang6, Li Wang5, Qing Wang1(), Tsz-King Henry Wong7(), Xu-Feng Wang1, Shi-Yong Wu6, Wei Wu3, Yu-Cheng Wu1, Zhong-Zhi Xianyu1, Hao-Yang Xing5, Xun-Jie Xu1, Yin Xu3, Tao Xue1, Li-Tao Yang1, Song-Wei Yang7, Nan Yi1, Chun-Xu Yu3, Hao Yu1, Xun-Zhen Yu5, Xiong-Hui Zeng6, Zhi Zeng1, Lan Zhang4, Yun-Hua Zhang6, Ming-Gang Zhao3, Wei Zhao1, Su-Ning Zhong3, Jin Zhou6, Zu-Ying Zhou2, Jing-Jun Zhu5, Wei-Bin Zhu4, Xue-Zhou Zhu1, Zhong-Hua Zhu6 |
1. Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084; 2. China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413; 3. School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071; 4. NUCTECH Company, Beijing 100084; 5. Department of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065; 6. Yalongjiang Hydropower Development Company, Chengdu 627450; 7. Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529; 8. Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 |
|
|
Abstract It is believed that weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are candidates for dark matter (DM) in our universe which come from outer space and might interact with the standard model (SM) matter of our detectors on the earth. Many collaborations in the world are carrying out various experiments to directly detect DM particles. China Jinping underground Laboratory (CJPL) is the deepest underground laboratory in the world and provides a very promising environment for DM search. China Dark matter EXperiment (CDEX) is going to directly detect the WIMP flux with high sensitivity in the low WIMP-mass region. Both CJPL and CDEX have achieved a remarkable progress in recent three years. CDEX employs a point-contact germanium (PCGe) semi-conductor detector whose energy threshold is less than 300 eV. In this report we present the measurement results of muon flux, monitoring of radioactivity and radon concentration carried out in CJPL, as well describing the structure and performance of the 1 kg-PCGe detector in CDEX-1 and 10 kgPCGe detector array in CDEX-10 including the detectors, electronics, shielding and cooling systems. Finally we discuss the physics goals of CDEX-1, CDEX-10 and the future CDEX-1T experiments.
|
Keywords
China Dark matter EXperiment (CDEX)
dark matter
poit-contact germanium detector
China Jinping underground Laboratory (CJPL)
|
Corresponding Author(s):
Li Xue-Qian,Email:lixq@nankai.edu.cn; Wang Qing,Email:wangq@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn; Wong Tsz-King Henry,Email:Participate as TEXONO members.
|
Issue Date: 01 August 2013
|
|
1 |
F. Zwicky, On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae, Astrophys. J. , 1937, 86: 217 doi: 10.1086/143864
|
1 |
F. Zwicky, On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae, Astrophys. J. , 1937, 86: 217 doi: 10.1086/143864
|
2 |
V. Rubin and W. K. J. Ford, Rotation of the Andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions, Astrophys. J. , 1970, 159: 379 doi: 10.1086/150317
|
2 |
V. Rubin and W. K. J. Ford, Rotation of the Andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions, Astrophys. J. , 1970, 159: 379 doi: 10.1086/150317
|
3 |
V. Rubin, W. K. J. Ford, and N. Thonnard, Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 /R= 4 kpc/ to UGC 2885 /R= 122 kpc/, Astrophys. J. , 1980, 238: 471 doi: 10.1086/158003
|
3 |
V. Rubin, W. K. J. Ford, and N. Thonnard, Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 /R= 4 kpc/ to UGC 2885 /R= 122 kpc/, Astrophys. J. , 1980, 238: 471 doi: 10.1086/158003
|
4 |
V. Rubin, D. Burstein, W. K. J. Ford, and N. Thonnard, Rotation velocities of 16 SA galaxies and a comparison of Sa, Sb, and SC rotation properties, Astrophys. J. , 1985, 289: 81 doi: 10.1086/162866
|
4 |
V. Rubin, D. Burstein, W. K. J. Ford, and N. Thonnard, Rotation velocities of 16 SA galaxies and a comparison of Sa, Sb, and SC rotation properties, Astrophys. J. , 1985, 289: 81 doi: 10.1086/162866
|
5 |
D. Clowe, M. Bradac, A. H. Gonzalez, M. Markevitch, S. W. Randall, C. Jones, and D. Zaritsky, A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter, Astrophys. J. , 2006, 648(2): L109 doi: 10.1086/508162
|
6 |
J. Beringer, . [Particle Data Group], The review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D , 2012, 86: 010001 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001
|
6 |
J. Beringer, . [Particle Data Group], The review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D , 2012, 86: 010001 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001
|
7 |
Planck Collaboration, Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters , arXiv: 1303.5076v1 , 2013
|
7 |
Planck Collaboration, Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters , arXiv: 1303.5076v1 , 2013
|
8 |
V. Trimble, Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. , 1987, 25(1): 425 doi: 10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233
|
9 |
G. Jungman, M. Kamionkowski, and K. Griest, Supersymmetric dark matter, Phys. Rep. , 1996, 267(5–6): 195 doi: 10.1016/0370-1573(95)00058-5
|
10 |
L. Bergstrom, Dark matter candidates, New J. Phys. , 2009, 11(10): 105006 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/11/10/105006
|
11 |
J. L. Feng, Dark matter candidates from particle physics and methods of detection, arXiv: 1003.0904 , 2010
|
11 |
J. L. Feng, Dark matter candidates from particle physics and methods of detection, arXiv: 1003.0904 , 2010
|
12 |
R. J. Gaitskell, Direct detection of dark matter, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. , 2004, 54(1): 315 doi: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.54.070103.181244
|
13 |
X.G. He, H. C. Tsai, T. Li, and X. Q. Li, Scalar darkmatter effects in Higgs and top quark decays, Mod. Phys. Lett. A , 2007, 22(25n28): 2121
|
14 |
X. He, T. Li, X. Q. Li, J. Tandean, and H. C. Tsai, Constraints on scalar dark matter from direct experimental searches, Phys. Rev. D , 2009, 79(2): 023521 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.79.023521
|
15 |
Beylyaev, M. T. Frandsen, S. Sarkar, and F. Sannino, Mixed dark matter from Technicolor, Phys. Rev. D , 2011, 83(1): 015007, and the references therein doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.015007
|
16 |
H. P. An, S. L. Chen, R. N. Mohapatra, S. Nussinov, and Y. Zhang, Energy dependence of direct detection cross-section for asymmetric mirror dark matter, Phys. Rev. D , 2010, 82: 023533, arXiv: 1004.3296
|
16 |
H. P. An, S. L. Chen, R. N. Mohapatra, S. Nussinov, and Y. Zhang, Energy dependence of direct detection cross-section for asymmetric mirror dark matter, Phys. Rev. D , 2010, 82: 023533, arXiv: 1004.3296
|
17 |
J.-W. Cui, H.-J. He, L.-C. Lu, and F.-R. Yin, Spontaneous mirror parity violation, common origin of matter and dark matter, and the LHC Signatures, Phys. Rev. D , 2012, 85: 096003, arXiv: 1110.6893
|
17 |
J.-W. Cui, H.-J. He, L.-C. Lu, and F.-R. Yin, Spontaneous mirror parity violation, common origin of matter and dark matter, and the LHC Signatures, Phys. Rev. D , 2012, 85: 096003, arXiv: 1110.6893
|
18 |
M. Gilloz, A. von Manteuffel, P. Schwaller, and D. Wyler, The little skyrmion: new dark matter for little Higgs models, J. High Energy Phys. , 2011, 1103: 48, and references therein, arXiv: 1012.5288v2
|
18 |
M. Gilloz, A. von Manteuffel, P. Schwaller, and D. Wyler, The little skyrmion: new dark matter for little Higgs models, J. High Energy Phys. , 2011, 1103: 48, and references therein, arXiv: 1012.5288v2
|
19 |
J. Lavalle, J. M. Alimi, and A. Fu?zfa, Cosmic ray positron excess: Is the dark matter solution a good bet? AIP Conf. Proc. , 2010, 24: 398
|
19 |
J. Lavalle, J. M. Alimi, and A. Fu?zfa, Cosmic ray positron excess: Is the dark matter solution a good bet? AIP Conf. Proc. , 2010, 24: 398
|
20 |
R. Yang, J. Chang, and J. Wu, A possible explanation for the electron/positron excess of ATIC/PAMELA, Res. Astro. Astrophys. , 2010, 10(1): 39, and references therein
|
21 |
M. Amenomori, . [Tibet AS-gamma Collaboration], Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee observed with the Tibet air-shower experiment, Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans. , 2011, 7(1): 15
|
22 |
M. Aguilar, . [AMS Collaboration], First result from the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station: Precision measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5–350 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2013, 110(14): 141102
|
23 |
K. Bernabei, P. Belli, F. Cappella, R. Cerulli, C. J. Dai, A. d’ngelo, H. L. He, A. Incicchitti, H. H. Kuang, J. M. Ma, F. Montecchia, F. Nozzoli, D. Prosperi, X. D. Sheng, and Z. P. Ye, First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI, Eur. Phys. J. C , 2008, 56(3): 333
|
24 |
K. Bernabei, P. Belli, F. Cappella, R. Cerulli, C. J. Dai, A. d’ngelo, H. L. He, A. Incicchitti, H. H. Kuang, X. H. Ma, F. Montecchia, F. Nozzoli, D. Prosperi, X. D. Sheng, R. G. Wang, and Z. P. Ye, New results from DAMA/LIBRA, Eur. Phys. J. C , 2010, 67(1–2): 39
|
25 |
C. Aalseth, P. S. Barbeau, N. S. Bowden, B. Cabrera Palmer, , Results from a search for light-mass dark matter with a p-type point contact germanium detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2011, 106(13): 131301
|
26 |
P. Brink, Z. Ahmed, D. S. Akerib, C. N. Bailey, , The cryogenic dark matter search (CDMS): Present status and future, AIP Conf. Proc. , 2009, 1182: 260 doi: 10.1063/1.3293795
|
26 |
P. Brink, Z. Ahmed, D. S. Akerib, C. N. Bailey, , The cryogenic dark matter search (CDMS): Present status and future, AIP Conf. Proc. , 2009, 1182: 260 doi: 10.1063/1.3293795
|
27 |
G. Angloher, . [CRESST Collaboration], Results from 730 kg days of the CRESST-II dark matter search, arXiv: 1109.0702 , 2011
|
27 |
G. Angloher, . [CRESST Collaboration], Results from 730 kg days of the CRESST-II dark matter search, arXiv: 1109.0702 , 2011
|
28 |
J. Angle, . [XENON10 Collaboration], Search for light dark matter in XENON10 data, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2011, 107: 051301 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.051301 pmid:21867059
|
28 |
J. Angle, . [XENON10 Collaboration], Search for light dark matter in XENON10 data, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2011, 107: 051301 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.051301 pmid:21867059
|
29 |
R. Agnese, . [CDMS Collaboration], Dark matter search results using the silicon detectors of CDMS II, arXiv: 1304.4279v2, 2013
|
29 |
R. Agnese, . [CDMS Collaboration], Dark matter search results using the silicon detectors of CDMS II, arXiv: 1304.4279v2, 2013
|
30 |
M. T. Frandsen, F. Kahlhoefer, C. McCabe, S. Sarkar, and K. Schmidt-Hoberg, The unbearable lightness of being: CDMS versus XENON, arXiv: 1304.6066v1 , 2013
|
30 |
M. T. Frandsen, F. Kahlhoefer, C. McCabe, S. Sarkar, and K. Schmidt-Hoberg, The unbearable lightness of being: CDMS versus XENON, arXiv: 1304.6066v1 , 2013
|
31 |
X. G. He and J. Tandean, Low-mass dark-matter hint from CDMS II, Higgs boson at LHC, and Darkon models, arXiv: 1304.6058v1 , 2013
|
31 |
X. G. He and J. Tandean, Low-mass dark-matter hint from CDMS II, Higgs boson at LHC, and Darkon models, arXiv: 1304.6058v1 , 2013
|
32 |
E. Aprile, . [XENON100 Collaboration], Dark matter results from 225 live days of XENON100 data, arXiv: 1207.5988v2 , 2013
|
32 |
E. Aprile, . [XENON100 Collaboration], Dark matter results from 225 live days of XENON100 data, arXiv: 1207.5988v2 , 2013
|
33 |
J. Angle, . [XENON Collaboration], Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross-sections from the XENON10 experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2008, 101(9): 091301 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.091301
|
34 |
M. T. Ressell, M. Aufderheide, S. Bloom, K. Griest, G. Mathews, and D. Resler, Nuclear shell model calculations of neutralino-nucleus cross-sections for 29Si and 73Ge, Phys. Rev. D , 1993, 48(12): 5519 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.48.5519 pmid:10016218
|
35 |
G. Griest, Cross-sections, relic abundance, and detection rates for neutralino dark matter, Phys. Rev. D , 1988, 15(8): 2357 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.38.2357
|
36 |
C. L. Shan, Effects of residue background events in direct dark matter detection experiments on the estimation of the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon coupling, arXiv: 1103.4049v2 , 2011
|
36 |
C. L. Shan, Effects of residue background events in direct dark matter detection experiments on the estimation of the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon coupling, arXiv: 1103.4049v2 , 2011
|
37 |
C. L. Shan, Estimating the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon coupling from direct dark matter detection data, arXiv: 1103.0481v2 , 2011
|
37 |
C. L. Shan, Estimating the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon coupling from direct dark matter detection data, arXiv: 1103.0481v2 , 2011
|
38 |
V. Barger, W.-Y. Keung, and G. Shaughnessy, Spin dependence of dark matter scattering, Phys. Rev. D , 2008, 78: 056007, arXiv: 0806.1962 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.056007
|
38 |
V. Barger, W.-Y. Keung, and G. Shaughnessy, Spin dependence of dark matter scattering, Phys. Rev. D , 2008, 78: 056007, arXiv: 0806.1962 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.056007
|
39 |
Y. Tzeng and T. T. S. Kuo, Dark matter-nucleus scattering, 14th International Conference on Particles and Nuclei (PANIC 96): C96-05-22, 479
|
39 |
Y. Tzeng and T. T. S. Kuo, Dark matter-nucleus scattering, 14th International Conference on Particles and Nuclei (PANIC 96): C96-05-22, 479
|
41 |
M. T. Ressell and D. J. Dean, Spin-dependent neutralinonucleus scattering for A127 nuclei, Phys. Rev. C , 1997, 56(1): 535 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.56.535
|
42 |
J. Engel, S. Pittel, and P. Vogel, Nuclear physics of dark matter detection, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E , 1992, 1: 1 doi: 10.1142/S0218301392000023
|
42 |
J. Engel, S. Pittel, and P. Vogel, Nuclear physics of dark matter detection, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E , 1992, 1: 1 doi: 10.1142/S0218301392000023
|
43 |
J. Engel, Nuclear form factors for the scattering of weakly interacting massive particles, Phys. Lett. B , 1991, 264(1–2): 114 doi: 10.1016/0370-2693(91)90712-Y
|
44 |
Q. Yue, J. P. Cheng, Y. J. Li, J. Li, and Z. J. Wang, Detection of WIMPs using low threshold HPGe detector, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics , 2004, 28(8): 877 (in Chinese)
|
45 |
X. Li, Q. Yue, Y. J. Li, J. Li, ., Status of ULE-HPGe detector experiment for dark matter search, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics , 2007, 31(6): 564 (in Chinese)
|
46 |
S. T. Lin, . [TEXONO Collaboration], New limits on spin-independent and spin-dependent couplings of low-mass WIMP dark matter with a germanium detector at a threshold of 220 eV, Phys. Rev. D , 2009, 79(6): 061101(R) doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.79.061101
|
48 |
C. E. Aalseth, . [CoGeNT Collaboration], Search for an annual modulation in a p-type point contact germanium dark matter detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2011, 107(14): 141301 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.141301
|
49 |
Majorana Collaboration, http://www.npl.washington.edu/ majorana/
|
49 |
Majorana Collaboration, http://www.npl.washington.edu/ majorana/
|
50 |
GERDA Collaboration, http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/
|
50 |
GERDA Collaboration, http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/
|
51 |
K. J. Kang, J. P. Cheng, Y. H. Chen, Y. J. Li, M. B. Shen, S. Y. Wu, and Q. Yue, Status and prospects of a deep underground laboratory in China, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. , 2010, 203(1): 012028 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/203/1/012028
|
52 |
D. Normile, Chinese scientists hope to make deepest, darkest dreams come true, Science , 2009, 324(5932): 1246 doi: 10.1126/science.324_1246 pmid:19498133
|
53 |
G. Heusser, Low-radioactivity background techniques, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. , 1995, 45(1): 543 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ns.45.120195.002551
|
54 |
Canberra, http://www.canberra.com/
|
54 |
Canberra, http://www.canberra.com/
|
55 |
Chinalco Luoyang Copper Co, Ltd, http://www.lycopper.cn
|
55 |
Chinalco Luoyang Copper Co, Ltd, http://www.lycopper.cn
|
56 |
ORTEC, http://www.ortec-online.com
|
56 |
ORTEC, http://www.ortec-online.com
|
57 |
Y. C. Wu, . [CDEX Collaboration], Measurement of cosmic ray flux in China Jinping underground laboratory, arXiv: 1305.0899 , 2013
|
57 |
Y. C. Wu, . [CDEX Collaboration], Measurement of cosmic ray flux in China Jinping underground laboratory, arXiv: 1305.0899 , 2013
|
58 |
Saphymo, http://saphymo.de
|
58 |
Saphymo, http://saphymo.de
|
59 |
P. N. Luke, F. S. Goulding, N. W. Madden, and R. H. Pehl, Low capacitance large volume shaped-.eld germanium detector, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. , 1989, 36(1): 926 doi: 10.1109/23.34577
|
60 |
P. S. Barbeau, J. I. Collar, and O. Tench, Large-mass ultralow noise germanium detectors: performance and applications in neutrino and astroparticle physics, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. , 2007, 09: 009
|
60 |
P. S. Barbeau, J. I. Collar, and O. Tench, Large-mass ultralow noise germanium detectors: performance and applications in neutrino and astroparticle physics, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. , 2007, 09: 009
|
61 |
AMPTEK, http://www.amptek.com
|
61 |
AMPTEK, http://www.amptek.com
|
62 |
TEK, http://www.tek.com
|
62 |
TEK, http://www.tek.com
|
63 |
CDMS Collaboration, http://cdms.berkeley.edu
|
63 |
CDMS Collaboration, http://cdms.berkeley.edu
|
64 |
XENON Collaboration, http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu
|
64 |
XENON Collaboration, http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu
|
65 |
CRESST Collaboration, http://www.cresst.de
|
65 |
CRESST Collaboration, http://www.cresst.de
|
67 |
M. G. Marino, Dark matter physics with P-type pointcontact germanium detectors: Extending the physics reach of the Majorana experiment, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington , 2010
|
67 |
M. G. Marino, Dark matter physics with P-type pointcontact germanium detectors: Extending the physics reach of the Majorana experiment, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington , 2010
|
68 |
From a talk given by J. F. Wilkerson in Tsinghua University in 2011
|
68 |
From a talk given by J. F. Wilkerson in Tsinghua University in 2011
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|