Recent review of surface plasmons and plasmonic hot electron effects in metallic nanostructures

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1328-9

Front. Phys.

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (6) : 63602 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1328-9

TOPICAL REVIEW

Recent review of surface plasmons and plasmonic hot electron effects in metallic nanostructures

Hao Zhang^1,^2,³, Mohsin Ijaz^1,^2,³(

), Richard J. Blaikie^1,^2,³(

)

¹. Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
². MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
³. Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand

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Abstract

Plasmonic resonators are widely used for the manipulation of light on subwavelength scales through the near-field electromagnetic wave produced by the collective oscillation of free electrons within metallic systems, well known as the surface plasmon (SP). The non-radiative decay of the surface plasmon can excite a plasmonic hot electron. This review article systematically describes the excitation progress and basic properities of SPs and plasmonic hot electrons according to recent publications. The extraction mechanism of plasmonic hot electrons via Schottky conjunction to an adjacent semiconductor is also illustrated. Also, a calculation model of hot electron density is given, where the efficiency of hot-electron excitation, transport and extraction is discussed. We believe that plasmonic hot electrons have a huge potential in the future development of optoelectronic systems and devices.

Keywords surface plasmon plasmonic hot electrons plasmonic resonators electron−electron scattering Schottky conjunctions nanophotonics

Corresponding Author(s): Mohsin Ijaz,Richard J. Blaikie

Issue Date: 14 July 2023

Cite this article:

Hao Zhang,Mohsin Ijaz,Richard J. Blaikie. Recent review of surface plasmons and plasmonic hot electron effects in metallic nanostructures[J]. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(6): 63602.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-023-1328-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/Y2023/V18/I6/63602

Fig.1 Schematic of (a) SPPs and (b) LSPRs. (a) The silver nanowire’s length is larger than the wavelength of incident light and width is near the wavelength. (b) Silver nanospheres’ size is much smaller than the wavelength of incident light (red).

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of (a) charge distribution of the SPPs modes on the interface (black solid curves represent strength of electrical field) and (b) decay of electrical field through interface between metal and dielectric.

Fig.3 Dispersion curve (solid curves) of the SPPs. The horizontal coordinate is the in-plane wavevector (parallel to the interface) of light and the vertical coordinate is the angular frequency of the SPPs. Dashed straight lines present the relationship between angular frequency and in-plane wavevector of light in air and dielectric (

? 0

is permittivity of the dielectric). The dashed curve represents the dispersion curve of the mental film without dielectric cladding.

Fig.4 Schematic diagrams of prism coupling of incident light to SPPs with (a) Otto structure and (b) Kretschmann–Raether structure.

Fig.5 Schematic of diffraction coupling to SPPs by grating on surface of the metal film.

Fig.6 Reflection spectrum of metallic grating with a narrow dip corresponding to the excitation of plasmonic modes through grating coupling.

Fig.7 Dispersion of SPPs by diffraction coupling (

G = 2 π a

Fig.8 The propagation length of the SPPs as a function of the plasmon wavelength.

Fig.9 The Fermi–Dirac distribution at the absolute zero temperature (orange solid line), showing a step at the Fermi level. For T > 0, some electrons below E_F can be thermally excited (green dotted curve).

Fig.10 The electron distribution under (a) the absorption of a photon with energy

ℏ ω

, (b) electron−phonon scattering and (c) electron−electron scattering.

Fig.11 Schematic of radiative and non-radiative decay of plasmon.

Fig.12 Energy composition distribution of (a) a photon polariton in dielectric and (b) a plasmon polariton in the metal.

Fig.13 Four mechanics of non-radiative decay of plasmon: (a) direct interband transition; (b) phonon (or impurity)-assisted decay; (c) interelectronic (EE) scattering-assisted decay; (d) Landau damping or surface collision-assisted decay.

Fig.14 Schematic of relaxation process of plasmonic hot electrons inside metallic nanospheres.

Fig.15 Schematic of generation of non-equilibrium hot carriers in the metal. (a) Illuminating a periodic metallic grating. (b) Step-wise excitation and decay of plasmon resonances to generate hot electrons.

Fig.16 Left: Excitation of hot electrons in the metal from occupied energy levels (grey shade) resided below the Fermi level (E_F,M) to unoccupied levels beyond E_F,M. Right: The band diagram of the Schottky junction between the metal and the n-type semiconductor. Only hot electrons with energy over the schottky barrier

φ S B

can have access to injection to the semiconductor.

Fig.17 Schematic of hot-electron injection from metal to semiconductor across the interface.

Fig.18 Diagram of photovoltaic cells based on current of hot electrons.

Fig.19 Diagram of a photodetector based on photocurrent of hot electrons.

Fig.20 Charge distribution at the metal/n-semiconductor contact at the completion of the depletion layer.

Fig.21 Energy band diagrams of a contact between the metal and the semiconductor: with

ϕ m > χ s

(a) before contact and (b) in contact; with

ϕ m < χ s

(c) before contact and (d) in contact.

Fig.22 Illustration of energy band in Schottky junction under (a) no bias, (b) forward bias and (c) reserve bias

V a

Fig.23 Illumination of interface transport mechanism in forward-biased Schottky conjunction (n-type semiconductor).

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