It has been over one hundred years since the establishment of the modern scientific and technological system during the Republic of China period. It is necessary to reflect on the historical traces of scientific and technological transition in China as a whole. During this period, the scientific and technological culture showed a high degree of consistency, characterized by continuous catching-up and consistency-based technological imitation and independent innovation. The scientific and technological transition in China over the past century was characterized by locality instead of Western centrism in the philosophical sense of scientific practice. It is the scientific and technological development path with Chinese characteristics. Due to the long-term and continuous influences of external environment such as national will, traditional culture, pragmatism, and social and historical conditions, the social history for scientific and technological development showcased certain inseparability.