Over the course of a century of endeavor, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has integrated Marxist philosophy with China’s specific realities and fine traditional culture, and taken it as the fundamental guideline for the creative application and development of Marxist philosophy, which is both a theoretical principle and a practical principle. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee held in 2021 put an emphasis on upholding historical and dialectical materialism and looking back on the CPC’s endeavors over the past century to help us see why we were successful and how we can continue to succeed in the future and better develop socialism with Chinese characteristics. The development of today’s Chinese Marxist philosophy is intertwined with China’s modernization process. It always emphasizes the combination of theory and practice, thus requiring a problem-oriented attitude in terms of academic consciousness in seeking innovative development of Marxist philosophy. This dialogue centers on academic consciousness and the century-long exploration of developing Marxist philosophy in China. It can be seen that modern Chinese Marxist philosophers need to think deeply about the internal mechanism of adapting Marxism to China’s fine traditional culture and strengthen problem-oriented philosophical studies, so as to contribute to the prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences.