Since the 20th century, Chinese philosophy has not only exhibited worldwide significance but also, in a certain sense, participated in the worldwide contention of various schools of thought. The polemics over science and metaphysics of the 1920s, in particular, reflected the ongoing debate between modern Western scientism and humanism. The emergence of systematic philosophical frameworks during this period further exemplified these tendencies from an internal perspective. These philosophical systems not only presented themselves in a modern form but also offered critical perspectives on Western civilization and Western philosophy from various angles, embodying a wide-ranging worldwide significance and providing unique responses to philosophical debates worldwide. From the polemics over science and metaphysics to the personalized philosophical construction of philosophers, from the dominance of Marxism to the dialogue between Chinese philosophy, Western philosophy, and Marxist philosophy, from diverse and relative approaches to the integration of unity and multiplicity, modern Chinese philosophy has surpassed its regional confines and gained worldwide significance. Furthermore, for a more profound engagement in the worldwide contention of various schools of thought, it is crucial to concretely embrace the rejection of abstraction and dogmatism, as well as the fusion of diversity and relativism with unity and multiplicity. By undertaking practical and constructive work that enables systematic contemplation of relevant issues, Chinese philosophy offers a tangible means of participating in this discourse.