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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

ISSN 2095-2430

ISSN 2095-2449(Online)

CN 10-1023/X

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2018, Vol. 12 Issue (4) : 536-547    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0451-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Temperature segregation and its impact on the quality and performance of asphalt pavements
Minkyum KIM1(), Pranjal PHALTANE2, Louay N. MOHAMMAD1, Mostafa ELSEIFI2
1. Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Louisiana State University, LA 70808, USA
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, LA 70808, USA
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Abstract

Temperature segregation is non-uniform temperature distribution across the uncompacted asphalt mat during paving operations and may have detrimental effects on the quality and performance of asphalt pavements. However, many research studies conducted across the US have reported mixed observations regarding its effects on the initial quality and long-term performance of asphalt pavements. ?The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the temperature segregation on the density and mechanical properties of Louisiana asphalt mixtures. Seven asphalt rehabilitation projects across Louisiana were selected. A multi-sensor infrared bar (Pave-IR) system and a hand-held portable thermal camera were used to measure the temperature of asphalt mats. Field core samples were collected from various areas with varying severity levels of temperature segregation and tested for the density, fracture resistance (Jc) by semi-circular bending (SCB), rut depth by wheel tracking, and dynamic modulus (|E*|) by indirect tension (IDT) devices. ?Two distinctive patterns of non-uniform temperature distribution were observed: a cyclic and irregular temperature segregations. Laboratory test results showed that highly temperature segregated asphalt pavements (i.e., temperature differentials ≥ 41.7°C) can have significantly lower densities and the mechanical properties than the non-segregated area, especially when the temperature differentials are measured at compaction.
Keywords temperature segregation      temperature differential      pavement density      semi-circular bending      wheel tracking      dynamic modulus     
Corresponding Author(s): Minkyum KIM   
Online First Date: 09 January 2018    Issue Date: 20 November 2018
 Cite this article:   
Minkyum KIM,Pranjal PHALTANE,Louay N. MOHAMMAD, et al. Temperature segregation and its impact on the quality and performance of asphalt pavements[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2018, 12(4): 536-547.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-017-0451-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2018/V12/I4/536
Phase route layer mix layer
thickness (mm)		 NMAS (mm) MTV target
temperature		 laboratory tests
VTM1 SCB2 LWT3 IDT|E*|4
Phase I LA30 WC HMA 50 12.5 ✓ 149°C ✓ ✓
LA1058 WC WMA 38 12.5 ✓ 135°C ✓
US 165 WC HMA 50 12.5 ✓ 149°C ✓ ✓
LA1053 BC HMA 50 19.0 ✓ 149°C ✓ ✓
Phase II LA1053 WC HMA 38 12.5 ✓ 149°C ✓ ✓
LA411 WC WMA 38 12.5 ✓ 143°C ✓ ✓
LA940 BC WMA 50 19.0 ✓ 143°C ✓ ✓ ✓
WC WMA 38 12.5 ✓ 143°C ✓
LA1 Shoulder WMA 100 19 143°C ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
BC WMA 50 mm 19 ✓ 143°C ✓ ✓
Tab.1  Description of field projects
Fig.1  Thermal imaging device: (a) IR-bar System and (b) Portable IR Camera
temperature range segregation severity level TS group designation
(Target)±6.9°C none Target
(Target–13.9°C)±6.9°C low Target-25
(Target–27.8°C)±6.9°C medium Target-50
(Target–41.7°C)±6.9°C high Target-75
(Target–55.6°C)±6.9°C very high Target-100
Tab.2  Temperature segregation (TS) severity level
construction factor category number of mixtures number of 45 m segments average Std. deviation (°C) Tukey test grouping
MTV No 1 47 10.7 A
Light 1 30 9.2 B
Full 1 36 4.4 C
contractors A 1 51 3.3 A
B 1 69 2.7 A
C 1 84 3.3 A
D 1 90 3.9 A
NMAS 12.5-mm 6 >300 6.7 A
19-mm 3 230 7.8 B
target temp. 135°C 1 92 6.1 A
143°C 4 266 7.2 A
149°C 4 >300 6.7 A
ambient temp. 10–18°C 2 219 6.7 A
18–27°C 4 >300 6.7 A
27–35°C 3 257 7.8 A
Tab.3  Effect of construction factors on average standard deviation in temperature
construction factor category number of mixtures %Severe* Tukey test grouping
NMAS 12.5-mm 6 0.7 A
19-mm 3 1.8 A
target temperature 135°C 1 0.4 A
143°C 4 0.6 A
149°C 4 1.9 A
ambient temperature 10–18°C 2 1.3 A
18–27°C 4 0.9 A
27–35°C 3 1.1 A
Tab.4  Effect of construction factors on severe temperature segregation
Fig.2  (a) Average standard deviation and (b) percent severity levels
Fig.3  Density test results: (a) Phase I (b) Phase II projects
Fig.4  Density differentials (DD) by QA cores and TS cores
construction factor category number of mixtures average DD (%) Tukey test grouping
NMAS 12.5-mm 6 2.6 A
19-mm 3 3.8 A
target temperature 135°C 1 1.5 A/B
143°C 4 4.7 B
149°C 4 1.6 A
ambient temperature 10–18°C 2 3.2 A
18–27°C 4 3.2 A
27–35°C 3 2.5 A
Tab.5  Effect of construction factors on average DD
construction factor category number of mixtures maximum density differential (%) Tukey test grouping
NMAS 12.5-mm 6 3.1 A
19-mm 3 3.8 A
target temperature 135°C 1 1.5 A
143°C 4 5.3 B
149°C 4 1.8 A
ambient temperature 10–18°C 2 4.3 A
18–27°C 4 3.2 A
27–35°C 3 2.7 A
Tab.6  Effect of construction factors on maximum DD
Fig.5  SCB test results: (a) Phase I and (b) Phase II Projects
Fig.6  LWT test results: (a) LA940 BC and (b) LA1 Shoulder
Fig.7  IDT |E*| test results: (a) LA1053 WC, (b) LA411 WC, and (c) LA1 Shoulder
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[1] Chuangmin LI, Fanbo NING, Yuanyuan LI. Effect of carbon black on the dynamic moduli of asphalt mixtures and its master curves[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(4): 918-925.
[2] Jie HAN,Harihar Shiwakoti. Wheel tracking methods to evaluate moisture sensitivity of hot-mix asphalt mixtures[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2016, 10(1): 30-43.
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