Impacts of climate change on optimal mixture design of blended concrete considering carbonation and chloride ingress

doi:10.1007/s11709-020-0608-5

Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.

2020, Vol. 14

Issue (2) : 473-486 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0608-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impacts of climate change on optimal mixture design of blended concrete considering carbonation and chloride ingress

Xiao-Yong WANG(

)

Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea

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Abstract

Many studies on the mixture design of fly ash and slag ternary blended concrete have been conducted. However, these previous studies did not consider the effects of climate change, such as acceleration in the deterioration of durability, on mixture design. This study presents a procedure for the optimal mixture design of ternary blended concrete considering climate change and durability. First, the costs of CO₂ emissions and material are calculated based on the concrete mixture and unit prices. Total cost is equal to the sum of material cost and CO₂ emissions cost, and is set as the objective function of the optimization. Second, strength, slump, carbonation, and chloride ingress models are used to evaluate concrete properties. The effect of different climate change scenarios on carbonation and chloride ingress is considered. A genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal mixture considering various constraints. Third, illustrative examples are shown for mixture design of ternary blended concrete. The analysis results show that for ternary blended concrete exposed to an atmospheric environment, a rich mix is necessary to meet the challenge of climate change, and for ternary blended concrete exposed to a marine environment, the impact of climate change on mixture design is marginal.

Keywords ternary blended concrete climate change optimal mixture design carbonation chloride ingress

Corresponding Author(s): Xiao-Yong WANG

Just Accepted Date: 05 March 2020 Online First Date: 08 April 2020 Issue Date: 08 May 2020

Cite this article:

Xiao-Yong WANG. Impacts of climate change on optimal mixture design of blended concrete considering carbonation and chloride ingress[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 473-486.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-020-0608-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2020/V14/I2/473

Tab.1 Unit prices of concrete components [14] (unit: NT dollar/kg)

Tab.2 Unit CO₂ emissions of concrete components [⁷] (unit: kg)

Tab.3 Lower and upper limits of concrete components (unit: kg/m³)

Tab.4 Component ratio constraints

Fig.1 Evaluations of concrete strength and slump: (a) compressive strength; (b) slump.

Fig.2 parameter analysis of effects of mineral admixtures on durability. (a) Carbonation-W/B0.5-30% mineral admixtures; (b) carbonation-W/B0.5-50% mineral admixtures; (c) carbonation-W/B0.4-50% mineral admixtures; (d) chloride ingress-W/B0.5-30% mineral admixtures; (e) chloride ingress-W/B0.5-50% mineral admixtures; (f) chloride ingress-W/B0.4-50% mineral admixtures.

Fig.3 Flowchart of calculation.

Fig.4 Climate change scenarios. (a) CO₂ concentration rise; (b) global temperature rise.

Tab.5 Concrete mixtures (unit: kg/m³)

Tab.6 Performance of concrete

Fig.5 Carbonation depth of Mix 1.

Tab.7 Mass ratio of concrete components

Fig.6 Carbonation depth of Mix 2 for various climate change scenarios. (a) Mix 2-no climate change; (b) Mix 2-RCP 4.5; (c) Mix 2-RCP 8.5.

Fig.7 Carbonation depth of Mix 3 for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. (a) Mix 3-RCP 4.5; (b) Mix 3-RCP 8.5.

Fig.8 Carbonation depth of Mix 4 for RCP 8.5.

Fig.9 Carbonation depth of Mix 4 for RCP 8.5.

Fig.10 Chloride ingress of Mix5 for various climate change scenarios. (a) Mix5-no climate change; (b) Mix5-RCP 4.5; (c) Mix5-RCP 8.5.

Fig.11 CO₂ cost, material cost, and total cost of concrete. (a) CO₂ cost; (b) material cost; (c) total cost.

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