Experimental and numerical evaluation of multi-directional compressive and flexure behavior of three-dimensional printed concrete

doi:10.1007/s11709-023-0004-z

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (11) : 1643-1661 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-023-0004-z

Experimental and numerical evaluation of multi-directional compressive and flexure behavior of three-dimensional printed concrete

Lalit KUMAR, Dhrutiman DEY, Biranchi PANDA, Nelson MUTHU(

)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India

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Abstract

Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) can proliferate the industrialization of the construction sector, which is notoriously conservative and indolent toward changes. However, the mechanical behavior of 3DCP should be characterized and modeled considering the interfaces when its performance is thoroughly compared to that of the existing concrete construction methods. This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of uniaxial compression and three-point bending (TPB) tests on extruded 3DCP beams in different loading directions. The orientation of translational and depositional interfaces with respect to the direction of loading influenced the strength. Both the elastic and post-damage behavior of the 3DCP specimens were compared with those of the conventionally cast specimen under quasi-static loading conditions. Despite the higher compressive strength of the casted specimen, the flexural strength of the 3DCP specimens was higher. This study employed the finite element and cohesive zone models of the appropriate calibrated traction-separation law to model fracture in the notched TPB specimens. Furthermore, the real-time acoustic emission test revealed the nature of failure phenomenon of three-dimensional-printed specimens under flexion, and accordingly, the cohesive law was chosen. The predicted load−displacement responses are in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the effects of cohesive thickness and notch shape on the performance under bending were explored through parametric studies.

Keywords three-dimensional printing anisotropy flexure compression cohesive zone model finite element model

Corresponding Author(s): Nelson MUTHU

Just Accepted Date: 20 July 2023 Online First Date: 08 January 2024 Issue Date: 24 January 2024

Cite this article:

Lalit KUMAR,Dhrutiman DEY,Biranchi PANDA, et al. Experimental and numerical evaluation of multi-directional compressive and flexure behavior of three-dimensional printed concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(11): 1643-1661.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-023-0004-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2023/V17/I11/1643

Tab.1 Mixture proportion used for the printing

Fig.1 (a) Laboratory-scale 3-axis concrete printer; (b) schematic of printing directions.

Fig.2 Process flow of 3D concrete printing.

Fig.3 Compressive test specimen with dimension: (a) x-direction; (b) y-direction; (c) z-direction.

Fig.4 Schematic of TPB specimen with dimensions: (a) x-direction; (b) y-direction; (c) z-direction.

Fig.5 Four directions for the flexure specimen in the 3DCP slab.

Fig.6 Mean compressive strength for conventionally cast and 3DCP beams (loaded in the x-, y-, and z-direction) under the UC test.

Fig.7 Failure images of (a) isometric view of conventionally cast specimen; (b) Face-1 of conventionally cast specimen; (c) Face-2 of conventionally cast specimen; (d) isometric view of 3DCP specimen loaded in x-direction; (e) Face-1 of 3DCP specimen loaded in x-direction; (f) Face-2 of 3DCP specimen loaded in x-direction; (g) isometric view of 3DCP specimen loaded in y-direction; (h) Face-1 of 3DCP specimen loaded in y-direction; (i) Face-2 of 3DCP specimen loaded in y-direction; (j) isometric view of 3DCP specimen loaded in z-direction; (k) Face-1 of 3DCP specimen loaded in z-direction; (l) Face-2 of 3DCP specimen loaded in z-direction.

Fig.8 Crack propagation pattern in 3DCP beam: (a) conventionally cast; (b) x-direction; (c) y-direction; (d) z-direction.

Fig.9 Mean flexural load vs. loading direction under TPB.

Fig.10 Relationship between the mean load and absolute energy obtained from the TPB test and AE sensor, respectively, for (a) conventionally cast specimen; (b) 3DCP specimen loaded in the x-direction; (c) 3DCP specimen loaded in the y-direction; (d) 3DCP specimen loaded in the z-direction.

Fig.11 Schematic of the TPB specimen.

property	Young’s modulus, E (MPa)	Poisson’s ratio, $υ$
conventionally cast	28254.37	0.2
3DCP specimen loaded in the x-direction	23879.44	0.2
3DCP specimen loaded in the y-direction	27873.77	0.2
3DCP specimen loaded in the z-direction	27128.13	0.2

Tab.2 Material properties

Fig.12 Mesh convergence study for: (a) casted specimen; (b) printed specimen in the x-direction; (c) printed specimen in the y-direction; (d) printed specimen in the z-direction.

Fig.13 Schematic representation of a CZM.

Fig.14 Schematic of bilinear CZM.

Tab.3 Properties of CZM

Fig.15 Cohesive traction in terms of separation.

Fig.16 Effect of cohesive layer thickness on the load in terms of displacement behavior under the TPB test for different directions: (a) conventionally cast; (b) 3DCP loaded in the x-direction; (c) 3DCP loaded in the y-direction; (d) 3DCP loaded in the z-direction.

Fig.17 Load in terms of displacement for: (a) conventionally casted specimen; (b) printed specimen in the x-direction; (c) printed specimen in the y-direction; (d) printed specimen in the z-direction.

Fig.18 Experimental and simulation cracked pictures of the beam loaded in: (a) conventionally cast; (b) x-direction; (c) y-direction; (d) z-direction specimens.

Fig.19 Comparison of the mean values obtained from experiments and simulations: (a) mean load; (b) mean mid-span displacement.

Fig.20 Notch shape: (a) rectangular notch; (b) V-shape notch; (c) semi-ellipse notch.

Fig.21 Load?displacement response of different notch shapes for: (a) conventionally cast specimen; (b) 3DCP specimen in the x-direction; (c) 3DCP specimen in the y-direction; (d) 3DCP specimen in the z-direction.

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