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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2023, Vol. 17 Issue (8) : 1264-1280    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-023-0921-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Analyzing the characterization of pore structures and permeability of diesel contaminated clays under different aging conditions
Yeyang CHUN1, Dong ZHOU1(), Zonghui LIU1(), Chenhui LIU1, Tenglong LIANG2, Dongpo SU1, Zheng HUANG1
1. Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
2. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
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Abstract

In this study, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XRμCT) were used to characterize the pore structures and investigate the permeability characteristics of clay after aging and contamination with diesel. The results of the MIP tests showed that aging leads to reductions in porosity and average diameter, as well as an increase in tortuosity. The XRμCT analysis yielded consistent results; it showed that aging renders pores more spherical and isotropic and pore surfaces smoother. This weakens the pore connectivity. Micromorphological analysis revealed that aging led to the rearrangement of soil particles, tighter interparticle overlapping, and a reduction in pore space. The combination of MIP and XRμCT provided a comprehensive and reliable characterization of the soil pore structure. An increased diesel content increased the porosity and average diameter and reduced the tortuosity of the pores. Mechanistic analysis showed that aging weakens interparticle cohesion; this causes large agglomerates to break down into smaller agglomerates, resulting in a tighter arrangement and a subsequent reduction in porosity. An increase in diesel content increases the number of large agglomerates and pore spaces between agglomerates, resulting in increased porosity. Both aging and diesel content can weaken the permeation characteristics of soil.
Keywords MIP      XRμCT      aging      diesel content      pore structure      permeability characteristics     
Corresponding Author(s): Dong ZHOU,Zonghui LIU   
About author:

Peng Lei and Charity Ngina Mwangi contributed equally to this work.
Just Accepted Date: 28 April 2023   Online First Date: 27 October 2023    Issue Date: 16 November 2023
 Cite this article:   
Yeyang CHUN,Dong ZHOU,Zonghui LIU, et al. Analyzing the characterization of pore structures and permeability of diesel contaminated clays under different aging conditions[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(8): 1264-1280.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-023-0921-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2023/V17/I8/1264
property value
specific gravity 2.73
moisture content (%) 19.43
ρ (g·cm−3) 1.755
plastic limit (%) 23.52
liquid limit (%) 47.07
clay content (vol.%) 20.46
silt content (vol.%) 36.32
sand content (vol.%) 43.22
Tab.1  Soil properties
factor level
aging time 7, 14, 30, 60, 90 d
diesel content 0.0 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%, 5.0 wt.%, 7.0 wt.%
moisture content 20%
dry density 1.4 g·cm−3
Tab.2  Design of experimental influence factors
Fig.1  MIP test specimen and equipment.
Fig.2  Tomographic cross-section.
Fig.3  XRμCT test specimen and field testing.
Fig.4  CT image processing flowchart.
Fig.5  Relationship between the CT-identified true porosity and box size.
aging time (d) value/voxel
7 450
30 400
90 450
Tab.3  ROIREV size determination
Fig.6  MIP pore structure parameters at different aging times and diesel contents: (a) apparent porosity; (b) average diameter; (c) tortuosity.
Fig.7  The change in pore size distribution with respect to aging time and diesel content. (a) The change in the incremental intrusion volume curve with aging time; (b) the change in the total intrusion volume curve with aging time; (c) the change in the incremental intrusion volume curve with diesel content; (d) the change in the total intrusion volume curve with diesel content.
Fig.8  Pore size distribution calculated by MIP.
pore structure parameter source type III of squares degrees of freedom means squared F p-value
apparent porosity aging time 119.177 4 29.794 69.529 < 0.001
diesel content 47.389 3 15.796 36.863 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 16.651 12 1.388 3.238 0.003
error 17.141 40 0.429 – –
corrected total 200.358 59 – – –
average diameter aging time 7404.647 4 1851.162 157.993 < 0.001
diesel content 8017.655 3 2672.552 228.097 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 537.902 12 44.825 3.826 0.001
error 468.670 40 11.717 – –
corrected total 16428.874 59 – – –
tortuosity aging time 0.311 4 0.078 64.079 < 0.001
diesel content 0.184 3 0.061 50.525 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 0.040 12 0.003 2.713 0.009
error 0.049 40 0.001 – –
corrected total 0.584 59 – – –
Tab.4  Two-factor analysis of MIP pore structure parameters with respect to aging time and diesel content
pore structure parameter (nm) source type III of squares degrees of freedom means squared F p-value
5–20 aging time 9.787 4 2.447 110.524 < 0.001
diesel content 47.401 3 15.800 713.711 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 1.843 12 0.154 6.938 < 0.001
error 0.886 40 0.022 – –
corrected total 59.917 – – – –
20–100 aging time 0.275 4 0.069 0.716 0.586
diesel content 26.821 3 8.940 93.221 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 0.963 12 0.080 0.837 0.613
error 3.836 40 0.096 – –
corrected total 31.896 – – – –
Tab.5  Two-factor analysis of pore size distribution (5–20 nm and 20–100 nm, MIP) with respect to aging time and diesel content
pore structure parameter (nm) source type III of squares degrees of freedom means squared F p-value
100–5000 aging time 1.612 4 0.403 9.788 < 0.001
diesel content 19.508 3 6.503 157.886 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 1.877 12 0.156 3.797 0.001
error 1.647 40 0.041 – –
corrected total 24.644 – – – –
> 5000 aging time 73.398 4 18.349 100.706 < 0.001
diesel content 190.392 3 63.464 348.302 < 0.001
aging time × diesel content 20.565 12 1.714 9.405 < 0.001
error 7.288 40 0.182 – –
corrected total 291.643 – – – –
Tab.6  Two-factor analysis of pore size distribution (100−5000 nm and > 5000 mm, MIP) with respect to aging time and diesel content
soil parameter apparent porosity average diameter tortuosity
apparent porosity − − −
average diameter 0.95a) − −
tortuosity −0.82a) −0.86a) −
porosity (> 5000 nm) 0.88 a) 0.94 a) −0.83a)
porosity (100–5000 nm) 0.26 0.45 b) −0.22
porosity (20–100 nm) −0.26 −0.45b) 0.54b)
porosity (5–20 nm) 0.02 −0.23 0.16
Tab.7  Correlation coefficient matrix of MIP pore structure parameters
aging time (d) soil parameter
true porosity average diameter shape factor degree of anisotropy fractal dimension Euler number tortuosity pore−throat ratio
7 19.13 ± 0.26aA 16.76 ± 0.10aA 1.47 ± 0.03aA 0.49 ± 0.01aA 2.73 ± 0.02aA −0.17 ± 0.01cC 1.72 ± 0.03cC 8.97 ± 0.61aA
30 15.42 ± 0.35bB 14.45 ± 0.11bB 1.12 ± 0.01bB 0.48 ± 0.01bB 2.69 ± 0.01bB −0.14 ± 0.01bB 1.92 ± 0.05bB 4.51 ± 0.47bB
90 13.25 ± 0.47cC 12.66 ± 0.25cC 1.01 ± 0.01cC 0.47 ± 0.01cC 2.66 ± 0.01cC −0.11 ± 0.01aA 2.75 ± 0.01aA 3.89 ± 0.32bB
Tab.8  XRμCT pore structure parameters
Fig.9  Pore size distribution calculated by XRμCT.
Fig.10  MIP and XRμCT porosity and pore volume contributions in the pore size range 10–500 µm: (a) MIP and XRμCT porosity in the pore size range 10–500 µm; (b) relationships between the pore volume contribution and pore diameter values obtained from MIP and XRμCT (5.0 wt.%).
Fig.11  Relationship between fractal dimension and true porosity.
Fig.12  XRμCT micro-morphology evolution of pore structures under different aging times (7, 30, 90 d).
Fig.13  Diesel content in pores under different aging times (5.0 wt.%).
Fig.14  CEC. Note: A7: aging time: 7 d; A14: aging time: 14 d; A30: aging time: 30 d; A30: aging time: 30 d; A60: aging time: 60 d; A90: aging time: 90 d (5.0 wt.%). DC0: diesel content: 0.0 wt.%; DC3: diesel content: 3.0 wt.%; DC7: diesel content: 7.0 wt.% (30 d). c mol(+) (kg) refers to the amount of electric charge exchanged per kilogram of substance, which is equal to one hundredth of a mole of electrons.
Fig.15  Particle size distribution. Note: A7: aging time: 7 d; A14: aging time: 14 d; A30: aging time: 30 d; A30: aging time: 30 d; A60: aging time: 60 d; A90: aging time: 90 d (5.0 wt.%). DC0: diesel content: 0.0 wt.%; DC3: diesel content: 3.0 wt.%; DC7: diesel content: 7.0 wt.% (30 d). (The sand, silt, and clay in the diagram are collective terms for cohesive aggregates and soil particles of the same size.)
Fig.16  Permeability coefficient with respect to aging time and diesel fuel content.
soil parameter permeability coefficient (aging time) permeability coefficient (diesel content)
apparent porosity 0.97a) −0.71b)
average diameter 0.95a) −0.83a)
tortuosity −0.86a) 0.94a)
porosity (> 5000 µm) 0.98a) −0.94a)
porosity (100–5000 µm) −0.67b) −0.93a)
porosity (20–100 µm) 0.03 0.92a)
porosity (5–20 µm) 0.96a) 0.94a)
Tab.9  Correlation coefficient matrix between MIP pore structure parameters and permeability coefficient
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