Properties and printability evaluation of three-dimensional printing magnesium oxychloride cement by fully utilizing aeolian sand

doi:10.1007/s11709-023-0994-6

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (11) : 1675-1689 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-023-0994-6

Properties and printability evaluation of three-dimensional printing magnesium oxychloride cement by fully utilizing aeolian sand

Qinghua WANG¹, Jinggang XU¹, Duo FENG¹, Wei LI², Yuanyuan ZHOU², Qiao WANG^1,³(

)

¹. School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
². Hebei Investigation Design & Research Institute of Water Conservancy & Hydropower, Tianjin 300240, China
³. Engineering Research Center on Construction 3D Printing of Hebei, Tianjin 300401, China

Download: PDF(7940 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is increasingly being applied in harsh environments and isolated regions. However, the effective utilization of aeolian sand (AS) resources and by-products derived from arid zones for 3DCP is yet to be fully realized. This study developed a three-dimensional (3D) printing composite using AS and magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) from local materials. The effects of the mole ratio of MgO/MgCl₂ and sand/binder (S/B) ratio on the mechanical properties such as water resistance, drying shrinkage strain, rheology, and printability, were investigated systematically. The results indicated that the optimal mole ratio of MgO/MgCl₂ was 8, which yielded the desired mechanical performance and water resistance. Furthermore, the S/B ratio can be increased to three within the desired printability to increase the AS utilization rate. The rheological recovery and buildability of the 3D-printed MOC with AS were verified. These findings provide a promising strategy for construction in remote deserts.

Keywords 3DCP AS magnesium oxychloride cement mechanical behavior drying shrinkage rheological property

Corresponding Author(s): Qiao WANG

Just Accepted Date: 28 August 2023 Online First Date: 10 January 2024 Issue Date: 24 January 2024

Cite this article:

Qinghua WANG,Jinggang XU,Duo FENG, et al. Properties and printability evaluation of three-dimensional printing magnesium oxychloride cement by fully utilizing aeolian sand[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(11): 1675-1689.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-023-0994-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2023/V17/I11/1675

Fig.1 Raw materials required for 3DCP: (a) AS; (b) magnesium oxide powder; (c) magnesium chloride hexahydrate crystals.

Tab.1 Main chemical composition of the magnesia

Tab.2 Main chemical compositions of the magnesium chloride crystals

Fig.2 Microscopic morphology of (a) AS, (b) river sand, and (c) mechanism sand.

Fig.3 (a) The volume fraction of particle size curve and (b) the particle gradation curve of AS, river sand, and mechanism sand.

Tab.3 Statistical table of the characteristic values of the PSD

Tab.4 Mix proportion design of MOCs

Fig.4 Rheology test procedure.

Fig.5 (a) Schematic diagram and (b) experimental device of the shrinkage test through the DIC method.

Fig.6 (a) Compressive and (b) flexural strengths of MOC 3DCP composites.

Fig.7 Water resistance evaluation by (a) compressive and (b) flexural strength tests.

Fig.8 SEM photographs of the cementitious paste of: (a) M4; (b) M6; (c) M8; (d) M10.

Fig.9 (a) Compressive and (b) flexural strength of the MOC composites with various S/B ratios.

Fig.10 (a) DIC Cloud Atlas of OPC, M8H, M8H1.5, and M8H2; (b) apparent morphology of OPC and M8H after 8 h tungsten lamp irradiation.

Fig.11 (a) Evaporation and (b) mass loss test results.

Fig.12 Rheological test results of (a) stage 1; (b) stage 3; (c) stage 2; (d) the enlarged image and fitting results of the dynamic shear curve.

Fig.13 Influence of S/B ratios on the extrusion performances of (a) M8H; (b) M8H1.5; (c) M8H2; (d) M8H2.25.

Fig.14 Yurt model of magnesium oxychloride AS composites (M8H2).

1	G Ma, Y Li, L Wang, J Zhang, Z Li. Real-time quantification of fresh and hardened mechanical property for 3D printing material by intellectualization with piezoelectric transducers. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 241: 117982 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117982
2	Z Li, L Wang, G W Ma. Mechanical improvement of continuous steel microcable reinforced geopolymer composites for 3D printing subjected to different loading conditions. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2020, 187: 107796 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107796
3	Z Zuo, J Gong, Y Huang, Y Zhan, M Gong, L Zhang. Experimental research on transition from scale 3D printing to full-size printing in construction. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 208: 350–360 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.171
4	Y W Weng, M Y Li, S Q Ruan, T N Wong, M J Tan, K L O Yeong, S Z Qian. Comparative economic, environmental and productivity assessment of a concrete bathroom unit fabricated through 3D printing and a precast approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 261: 121245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121245
5	H Alhumayani, M Gomaa, V Soebarto, W Jabi. Environmental assessment of large-scale 3D printing in construction: A comparative study between cob and concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 270: 122463 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122463
6	A O AfolabiR A OjelabiI O OmuhP F Tunji-Olayeni. 3D house printing: A sustainable housing solution for Nigeria’s housing needs. In: Adagunodo T A, Usikalu M R, Emetere M E, eds. The 3rd International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development (ICSSD). Bristol: IOP Publishing, 2019
7	V LojanicaV M Colic-DamjanovicN Jankovic. Housing of the future: Housing design of the fourth industrial revolution. In: 2018 the 5th International Symposium on Environment-Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA). Rome: IEEE, 2018, 1–4
8	T PraterT KimM RomanR Mueller. NASA’s centennial challenge for 3D-printed habitat: Phase II outcomes and phase III competition overview. In: 2018 AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. Orlando, FL: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018, 5405
9	T PraterM RomanT KimR Mueller. NASA’s centennial challenge: 3D-printed habitat. In: 2017 AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. Orlando, FL: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017, 5279
10	S J Schuldt, J A Jagoda, A J Hoisington, J D Delorit. A systematic review and analysis of the viability of 3D-printed construction in remote environments. Automation in Construction, 2021, 125: 103642 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103642
11	J Xiao, G Ji, Y Zhang, G Ma, V Mechtcherine, J Pan, L Wang, T Ding, Z Duan, S Du. Large-scale 3D printing concrete technology: Current status and future opportunities. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021, 122: 104115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104115
12	Soto B G de, I Agustí-Juan, J Hunhevicz, S Joss, K Graser, G Habert, B T Adey. Productivity of digital fabrication in construction: Cost and time analysis of a robotically built wall. Automation in Construction, 2018, 92: 297–311 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.04.004
13	G Ma, R Buswell, W R L D Silva, L Wang, J Xu, S Z Jones. Technology readiness: A global snapshot of 3D concrete printing and the frontiers for development. Cement and Concrete Research, 2022, 156: 106774 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106774
14	Y Li, H Zhang, G Liu, D Hu, X Ma. Multi-scale study on mechanical property and strength prediction of aeolian sand concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 247: 118538 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118538
15	J Kaufmann. Evaluation of the combination of desert sand and calcium sulfoaluminate cement for the production of concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 243: 118281 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118281
16	S K AdekunleS AhmadM Maslehuddin. The effect of aggregate packing on the performance of SCC using dune sand. In: Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete. Chicago, IL: SCC2013, 2013, 12–15
17	S Guettala, B Mezghiche. Compressive strength, and hydration with age of cement pastes containing dune sand powder. Construction & Building Materials, 2011, 25(3): 1263–1269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.026
18	F J Luo, L He, Z Pan, W H Duan, X L Zhao, F Collins. Effect of very fine particles on workability and strength of concrete made with dune sand. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 47: 131–137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.005
19	J Y Jiang, T T Feng, H Y Chu, Y R Wu, F J Wang, W J Zhou, Z F Wang. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of eco-friendly ultra-high-performance concrete containing aeolian sand. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, 97: 369–378 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.01.011
20	L Li, B Wang, M H Hubler. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) dispersed in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): Mechanical property, workability and permeability investigation. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022, 131: 104592 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104592
21	W Meng, K H Khayat. Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete enhanced with graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanofibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2016, 107: 113–122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.069
22	N N Lam, L Van Hung. Mechanical and shrinkage behavior of basalt fiber reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete. GEOMATE Journal, 2021, 20(78): 28–35 https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.78.86151
23	H F Liu, X L Chen, J L Che, N Liu, M H Zhang. Mechanical performances of concrete produced with desert sand after elevated temperature. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 2020, 14(1): 26 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-020-00402-3
24	Z Damene, M S Goual, J Houessou, R M Dheilly, A Goullieux, M Quéneudec. The use of southern Algeria dune sand in cellular lightweight concrete manufacturing: Effect of lime and aluminium content on porosity, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of elaborated materials. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2018, 22(10): 1273–1289 https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1256233
25	B Benabed, L Azzouz, E H Kadri, S Kenai, A S E Belaidi. Effect of fine aggregate replacement with desert dune sand on fresh properties and strength of self-compacting mortars. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2014, 28(21): 2182–2195 https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.950625
26	G P Padmakumar, K Srinivas, K V Uday, K R Iyer, P Pathak, S M Keshava, D N Singh. Characterization of aeolian sands from Indian desert. Engineering Geology, 2012, 139: 38–49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.005
27	E Lee, S Park, Y Kim. Drying shrinkage cracking of concrete using dune sand and crushed sand. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 126: 517–526 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.141
28	B Xu, H Ma, C Hu, S Yang, Z Li. Influence of curing regimes on mechanical properties of magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 102: 613–619 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.205
29	B W Xu, H Y Ma, C L Hu, Z J Li. Influence of cenospheres on properties of magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites. Materials and Structures, 2016, 49(4): 1319–1326 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0578-6
30	C Chau, J Chan, Z Li. Influences of fly ash on magnesium oxychloride mortar. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2009, 31(4): 250–254 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.011
31	J K Zhong, P Liu, L W Mo, D Y Lu, S L Peng. Recycling MgO from the waste magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC): Properties, CO2 footprint and reuse in MOC. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 415: 137782
32	X L Huang, S Wang, Y Q Wu, J Wang, Y F Zuo. Preparation and characterization of high-strength and water-resistant waterborne epoxy resin/magnesium oxychloride composite based on cross-linked network structure. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 285: 122902 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122902
33	Y N Tan, Y Liu, L Grover. Effect of phosphoric acid on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement as a biomaterial. Cement and Concrete Research, 2014, 56: 69–74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.001
34	J Wen, H F Yu, X Y Xiao, J M Dong. Influence of materials ratio on the hydration process of magnesium oxychloride cement. Materials Science Forum, 2015, 817: 180–184
35	C K Chau, Z J Li. Microstructures of magnesium oxychloride. Materials and Structures, 2008, 41(5): 853–862 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9289-y
36	Y Wang, L Wei, J Yu, K Yu. Mechanical properties of high ductile magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites after water soaking. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, 97: 248–258 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.028
37	Y Karimi, A Monshi. Effect of magnesium chloride concentrations on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement for nano SiC composite purposes. Ceramics International, 2011, 37(7): 2405–2410 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.082
38	Z J Li, C K Chau. Influence of molar ratios on properties of magnesium oxychloride cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(6): 866–870 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.03.015
39	K Li, Y Wang, N Yao, A Zhang. Recent progress of magnesium oxychloride cement: Manufacture, curing, structure and performance. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 255: 119381 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119381
40	P P He, C S Poon, D C W Tsang. Comparison of glass powder and pulverized fuel ash for improving the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2018, 86: 98–109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.11.010
41	Y Guo, Y Zhang, K Soe, M Pulham. Recent development in magnesium oxychloride cement. Structural Concrete, 2018, 19(5): 1290–1300 https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800077
42	W Zhou, Q Ye, S Q Shi, Z Fang, Q Gao, J Z Li. A strong magnesium oxychloride cement wood adhesive via organic–inorganic hybrid. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 297: 123776 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123776
43	Q Ye, Y Han, S Zhang, Q Gao, W Zhang, H Chen, S Gong, S Q Shi, C Xia, J Z Li. Bioinspired and biomineralized magnesium oxychloride cement with enhanced compressive strength and water resistance. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 383: 121099 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121099
44	T B Fan, Y F Hao, L X Li, F Q Zhao. Water resistance modification of magnesium oxychloride cement with H3PO4/Na2O·xSiO2·nH2O. Key Engineering Materials, 2019, 814: 393–398
45	X Guan, G Zhou, Y Cui, J Fei, Y B Fan. Effect of different-sizes of hydroxyapatite on the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement for bone repair. RSC Advances, 2019, 9(66): 38619–38628 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA08200J
46	P P He, C S Poon, I G Richardson, D C W Tsang. The mechanism of supplementary cementitious materials enhancing the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC): A comparison between pulverized fuel ash and incinerated sewage sludge ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 109: 103562 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103562
47	D X Wang, M Benzerzour, X Hu, B Huang, Z Chen, X Y Xu. Strength, permeability, and micromechanisms of industrial residue magnesium oxychloride cement solidified slurry. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2020, 20(7): 04020088 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001690
48	C L Hu, B W Xu, H Y Ma, B M Chen, Z J Li. Micromechanical investigation of magnesium oxychloride cement paste. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 105: 496–502 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.182
49	F J Sánchez-Leal. Gradation chart for asphalt mixes: Development. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2007, 19(2): 185–197 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:2(185

[1]	Jia’ao YU, Zhenzhong SHEN, Zhangxin HUANG, Haoxuan LI. Optimization design of anti-seismic engineering measures for intake tower based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 1428-1441.
[2]	Enming LI, Ning ZHANG, Bin XI, Jian ZHOU, Xiaofeng GAO. Compressive strength prediction and optimization design of sustainable concrete based on squirrel search algorithm-extreme gradient boosting technique[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 1310-1325.
[3]	Peng ZHI, Yu-Ching WU, Timon RABCZUK. Effects of time-varying liquid bridge forces on rheological properties, and resulting extrudability and constructability of three-dimensional printing mortar[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 1295-1309.
[4]	Reza IMANINASAB, Luis LORIA-SALAZAR, Alan CARTER. Linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binders and mixtures containing very high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(8): 1211-1227.
[5]	Boshun GAO, Xin XIAO, Jiayu WANG, Ligao JIANG, Qing YAO. Development of combined transitional pavement structure for urban tram track-road grade crossings[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(8): 1199-1210.
[6]	Trijon KARMOKAR, Alireza MOYHEDDIN. Influence of surface cracking, anchor head profile, and anchor head size on cast-in headed anchors in geopolymer concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(8): 1163-1187.
[7]	Jenika McCLAY, Jenna WONG. Effects of green roof damping and configuration on structural seismic response[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(8): 1133-1144.
[8]	Changhai YU, Xiaolong LV, Dan HUANG, Dongju JIANG. Reliability-based design optimization of offshore wind turbine support structures using RBF surrogate model[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(7): 1086-1099.
[9]	Jie HE, Hehua ZHU, Xiangyang WEI, Rui JIN, Yaji JIAO, Mei YIN. Numerical and experimental analyses of methane leakage in shield tunnel[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(7): 1011-1020.
[10]	Desheng LI, Hao ZHENG, Kang GU, Lei LANG, Shang SHI, Bing CHEN. Autogenous healing mechanism of cement-based materials[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(6): 948-963.
[11]	Amirhosein SHABANI, Mahdi KIOUMARSI, Vagelis PLEVRIS. Performance-based seismic assessment of a historical masonry arch bridge: Effect of pulse-like excitations[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(6): 855-869.
[12]	Long Hoang NGUYEN, Dung Quang VU, Duc Dam NGUYEN, Fazal E. JALAL, Mudassir IQBAL, Vinh The DANG, Hiep Van LE, Indra PRAKASH, Binh Thai PHAM. Prediction of falling weight deflectometer parameters using hybrid model of genetic algorithm and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(5): 812-826.
[13]	Jian ZHAO, Guangping HUANG, Lin LIAO, Wei Victor LIU. Appraising the potential of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based grouts in simulated permafrost environments[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(5): 722-731.
[14]	Ze MO, Jiangrui QIU, Hanbin XU, Lanlan XU, Yuqing HU. Flexural and longitudinal shear performance of precast lightweight steel–ultra-high performance concrete composite beam[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(5): 704-721.
[15]	Zhong ZHOU, Yidi ZHENG, Junjie ZHANG, Hao YANG. Fast detection algorithm for cracks on tunnel linings based on deep semantic segmentation[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2023, 17(5): 732-744.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed