Schizophrenia (SCZ) is the most common serious mental illness with a high disability rate and heavy social and family burdens. At present, there is no clear etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Studies have shown that the occurrence of schizophrenia may be related to the abnormality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The LIM-homeobox gene 3 (LHX3) and early growth response 1 (EGR1) can affect pituitary function. Because the synapsin 2 (SYN2) gene polymorphism regulates the activity of LHX3 and EGR1, it may cause the occurrence of schizophrenia. This article will review the possible involvement of SYN2 gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia via regulating the activity of LHX3 and EGR1, then to affect the HPA axis.

Objective: to screen the genes differentially expressed in autism using bioinformatics methods, and to explore their functional enrichment, related signaling pathways and the tissue-specific expression of hub genes. Methods: the autism expression profile chip numbered GSE77103 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was selected for examination. R language and related R packages were used for the screening and visualization of the differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway analysis of the differential genes were carried out using the relevant R package of R language. The database STRING was used to construct the interaction network of the proteins encoded by the differentially expressed genes, and the software Cytoscape was used to screen the hub genes in the network. The selected hub genes were imported into the BioGPS database to analyze the tissue-specific expression of the hub genes. Results: six hundred and sixty differentially expressed genes were screened out. Three hundred and seventy-three up-regulated genes and 287 down-regulated genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of autistic children were compared with the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy children. GO functional enrichment results showed that biological processes (BP) were mainly involved in viral response, negative regulation of viral genome replication, negative regulation of multiple biological processes, negative regulation of viral life cycle, and defense responses to viruses. Cell components (CC) were involved in vesicles, lysosomal membranes, lysosomal lumen, etc.; molecular functions (MF) were involved in regulating glutathione transferase activity, peroxidase activity, oxidoreductase activity, Glutathione peroxidase and transferase activity, etc. The results of KEGG signaling pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were related to the lysosomal pathway, the glutathione metabolism pathway and the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. The hub genes screened by cytoHubba were: interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 15 (ISG15), XIAP associated factor 1 (XAF1), MX dynamin like GTPase 1 (MX1), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 (OAS3), interferon induced protein 44 (IFI44), HECT and the RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5), interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 (ISG20). Conclusion: there are genes that are differentially expressed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of autistic toddlers and healthy toddlers. IRF7, ISG15, XAF1, MX1, IFIT1, IFIT5, OAS3, IFI44, HERC5, ISG20 are the hub regulatory genes of autism.

Objective: to investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of bronchial cyst of the posterior mediastinum misdiagnosed as a ganglioneuroma, and to improve the level of their diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Methods: the clinical data and pathological findings of a young woman misdiagnosed with a ganglioneuroma was collected and analyzed, and the relevant literature were reviewed. Results: the patient had no specific clinical symptoms. The right posterior mediastinum was accidentally found due to a physical examination for COVID-19. The enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) showed a ganglioneuroma. After a thoracoscopic resection of the lesion, a pathological diagnosis revealed a posterior mediastinal bronchial cyst. Conclusion: bronchial cyst of the mediastinum is rare and their clinical symptoms are atypical and can be easily diagnosed as a ganglioneuroma. It can be preliminarily judged by laboratory and imaging examination and confirmed by pathological examination. The main treatment is surgical resection.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness whose etiology and pathogenesis are not yet clear. The level of miRNA may be a crucial factor in the occurrence and development of SCZ. This study found that miR-495 may regulate the susceptibility gene of SCZ and that proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) as a risk gene for schizophrenia may be involved in its pathogenesis. In this article we review the research progress related to hsa-miR-495-3p (miR-495), PLP1, and schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness with unknown etiology, high recurrence rate and high disability rate, which has caused a great burden to individuals and society. There is no clear etiology and pathogenesis. Methylation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) can regulate the nervous and mental system, and affect the function of the nervous system. Proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) is a risk gene for schizophrenia. In this study we review the research progress on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, m6A methylation, and PLP1 gene.

In recent years, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior has emerged in a large number of adolescent depression. NSSI associated with adolescent depression may be an addictive behavior, which has many similar neurobiological mechanisms to substance addiction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and precursor of BDNF (proBDNF) play an important role in addiction behavior, and they may be related to endogenous opioid receptors. The location and distribution of opioid μ receptors in the brain are related to reward, motivation and emotion regulated by behavioral addiction. The purpose of this paper is to review the general situation, mechanism and relationship between the characteristics of NSSI behavior addiction and brain-derived nutritional factors in adolescents with depression.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely studied neurotrophic factor, which plays an important role in the growth, development, differentiation, injury, repair, survival and apoptosis of nerve cells. More and more studies have found that there is a high prevalence of depressive disorders in patients with autoimmune diseases. Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune exocrine disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and exocrine gland destruction. Depressive disorders are common in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. The quality of life of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome with depression was generally lower than that of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome without depression. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of BDNF and depression in Sjögren’s syndrome at home and abroad.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the growth, development, differentiation, injury, repair, survival and apoptosis of nerve cells. Precursor of BDNF (proBDNF) is an important regulator of neurodegeneration, long-term hippocampal inhibition and synaptic plasticity. Alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) is a group of chronic recurrent diseases with unknown etiology. Current studies believe that proBDNF plays an important role in the occurrence, development and outcome of ADS. Alcohol dependence patients, like other neurodegenerative diseases, will also have different degrees of cognitive impairment. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between BDNF, proBDNF, alcohol dependence and cognitive impairment.

Alcohol dependence is a chronic and relapsing disease that causes mental and organ damage due to long-term heavy drinking, which has serious adverse effects on individuals and society. Previous studies have shown that even after inpatient treatment, the relapse rate of alcohol-dependent patients can be as high as 60% – 70% within 3 months after discharge. Currently, the mechanisms associated with relapse to drinking in alcohol-dependent patients are still unclear. And most of the studies reported in the past have been about the relationship between psychosocial factors and relapse to drinking, while few studies have examined the relationship between biological indicators and relapse to drinking. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize the recent literature to explore the biological markers related to alcohol dependence relapse and discuss the progress of research on relapse prediction, in order to provide reference and help to reduce the relapse rate and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective: rupture of liver metastases with disturbance of consciousness accompanied by aggravation of hemiplegia is very rare. We describe the clinical features of a case of spontaneous rupture of liver metastasis tumors with disturbance of consciousness and progression of right limb hemiplegia. Methods: collect the patient’s medical history, conduct a detailed physical examination, timely improve the relevant laboratory and imaging examination, formulate a comprehensive treatment plan, and track the changes of the disease and the treatment effect. Results: the patient presented with blurred consciousness, hemiplegia of the right limb, and epigastric tenderness when admitted to the hospital. No evident new lesions were found on cranial computed tomography (CT). Blood routine examination showed that hemoglobin decreased significantly compared with before. Abdominal CT showed tumor rupture and bleeding. The patient in critical condition did not have operation conditions, but improved after conservative treatment. Conclusion: when patients with liver metastasis tumors suddenly have a disturbance of consciousness and progress of hemiplegia, they should not only be considered to have acute cerebrovascular diseases, but also the possibility of rupture of liver metastasis tumors. If only treated according to acute stroke, it will endanger their lives. For the liver metastasis tumor rupture, if there is no opportunity for embolotherapy, timely conservative treatment with drugs can also achieve good results.

In recent years, the serious social phenomenon of suicide has been of great concern to society and academia. However, the study and early risk assessment of suicide have been limited by multiple aspects. Therefore, researchers have started to search for a reliable marker for early diagnosis of suicide risk, and one of the widely studied neurotransmitters associated with suicide is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This review aims to summarize the current scientific knowledge on the relevance of BDNF and psychiatric disorders to suicide and to infer whether neurotrophic factors could be a reliable marker for early diagnosis of suicide risk. Based on the results of these studies, a link between BDNF and suicide may exist and act independently of mental illness. However, there is still controversy and further studies may provide researchers with useful information.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a serious disorder affecting alcohol-dependent patients who abruptly stop or reduce their drinking. Mild or moderate AWS usually appears within 6 to 24 h after the last drink, and symptoms may include increased blood pressure and rapid pulse, tremors, high fever, irritability, anxiety, headache, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms may progress to a more severe AWS characterized by delirium tremens, seizures, coma, cardiac arrest, and death. This article will analyze the phenobarbital (PB) treatment of AWS and make a brief review.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) refers to a series of symptoms and signs that chronic alcoholics experience when they suddenly stop drinking or reduce their drinking, usually 12 to 24 h later. These include tremors, fatigue, sweating, hyperreflexia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. This article will analyze the drug treatment of this disease and make a brief review.