Objective: acute ischemic stroke is occuring in younger and younger individuals. This paper aims to explore the real-world epidemiological characteristics of young stroke patients in northwest Hubei. Methods: the information of acute stroke patients under 50 years old in northwest Hubei Province was collected, including age, gender, region, education level, smoking and drinking, onset season, etc, and epidemiological analysis was carried out. Results: a total of 344 patients with acute ischemic stroke were surveyed. The males accounted for 69.19%, and the average age was 44.94±5.61 years old; the females accounted for 30.18%, and the average age was 45.22±5.02 years old. The distribution of patients varied, with most living in urban areas. There were more male patients than female patients. The proportion of patients with an education level below junior high school was higher than that of patients with an education level above junior high. Twenty-nine point thirty-six percent of all young people with stroke smoked and drank. Stroke occurred in all seasons, but the incidence of stroke was relatively high in summer and autumn. There was a significant difference in the ratio of males to females (P＜0.001). Conclusion: the incidence rate of acute stroke in young people in northwest Hubei Province is unique. With the increase of age, men in all ages are more prone to strokes than women. The incidence of stroke among young people in urban areas is higher than in surrounding counties. The incidence rate decreases with the increase of education level. More strokes occur in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. Smoking and drinking do not show obvious effects on the incidence rate.

Objective: gliomas are the most common intracranial tumors. Fibroblast growth factor-12(FGF12), which belongs to the fibroblast growth factor(FGFs) family, plays an important role in cell mitosis, as well as in other life functions, such as embryo development, tissue repair, cell proliferation, and tumor growth and invasion. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential value of FGF12 in high-grade gliomas and to predict its drug sensitivity. To provide a possible therapeutic target for glioma. Methods: high-grade glioma gene expression data and clinical information were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus(GEO) database, using the R language “impute” and “survival” survival analysis package. The FGF12 genes closely related to survival were screened, a survival curve was drawn, and clinical correlation analysis was conducted. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were defined as |logFC|＞1, adj. PVal＜0.05 as the standard. We used the David for Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis, and constructed the protein-protein interactions(PPI) network. Then we used the Connectivity Map(CMAP) database for drug location, and the validation group was verified by the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas(CGGA) database in the same way. Results: we found that high FGF12 expression was associated with a higher survival rate. The same validation was performed in the validation group through the CGGA database, and the survival curve showed the same trend. The expression level of FGF12 is an independent factor that affects the life time and status of the samples, and it is a low risk factor. GO enrichment analysis showed that differential genes were enriched in matrix transmembrane transporter activity, ion channels and calcium ion active channels. KEGG showed that DEGs were enriched in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)-protein kinase B(Akt) signaling pathway, dopaminergic synapse and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) signaling pathway. Four seed genes, GRIA2, COLLA2, GRIA4 and HES6, were obtained by PPI network analysis. The cAMP was used to analyze and obtained 7 small molecule drugs, such as merbromin, naloxone, AH-23848, ticarcillin, vincamine, amoxicillin, azacyclonol, which may be helpful in the prognosis of high-grade gliomas. Conclusion: FGF12 and its pathway may serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target for high-grade gliomas.

Objective: the positioning of secondary hospitals in the community rehabilitation work system and the status of community medical rehabilitation services for the disabled in Changsha were clarified through investigation and study of the 2019 income of a secondary general hospital in Changsha. Suggestions from various parties were integrated to provide feasible ideas for expanding the role of secondary hospitals in community rehabilitation. Methods: the 2019 income of a secondary general hospital in Changsha was statistically analyzed, a community rehabilitation questionnaire was designed, and a field survey was carried out focusing on 19 issues including rehabilitation service items, rehabilitation facilities and equipment, and the satisfaction of rehabilitation practitioners. Results: in the total hospitalization expenses of a secondary general hospital in Changsha city in 2019, rehabilitation physiotherapy expenses accounted for 7%, and drug treatment expenses accounted for 25%. In addition, in the survey of community rehabilitation service satisfaction for the disabled, the difference between the very dissatisfied and very satisfied groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: taking a secondary general hospital in Changsha city as an example, the treatment methods in secondary general hospitals are still dominated by traditional drug therapy, and the disabled are not satisfied with community rehabilitation services. Therefore, rehabilitation treatment projects to meet the rehabilitation needs of the disabled should be promoted in hospitals.

Objective: cerebral ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning (I/HPC) is an endogenous strategy in which brief periods of sublethal ischemia/hypoxia render neural tissues resistant to subsequent ischemic/hypoxic damage. This phenomenon has been found in the brain, heart, liver, intestine, muscle, kidneys, and lung. However, whether HPC has a protective effect on secondary cerebral ischemic injury or protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) within ischemic patients and animal models is still unclear. Methods: using a hypoxic preconditioned mouse model and a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model, combined with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Western blot, we observed changes in infarction size, density, edema ratio, and changes in PKCδ and membrane translocation within the ischemic cortex of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice. Results: HPC can attenuate neurological deficits and cerebral ischemic injuries of mice following MCAO, including decreases in infarct size, edema ratio, densities of infarct area, and neuron loss. In addition, HPC inhibits PKCδ membrane translocation in the penumbra of the MCAO-induced ischemic cortex. We found that administration of PKCδ-specific inhibitor dV1-1 mimics the neuroprotective effects of HPC, and nonisoform-specific activation of PKC can partially abolish HPC-induced neuroprotection. Ischemic preconditioning decreased the levels of PKCδ in the serum of patients with cerebral infarction and reduced the cerebral nerve damage caused by ischemia. Conclusion: hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning attenuates PKCδ-mediated injury in patients and mice. These findings enrich our understanding of the signal transduction mechanism underlying cerebral HPC and provide clues to developing medicine against ischemia/ hypoxia-induced cerebral injuries.

Background: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP) is an autoimmune disease with high mortality. An ADAMTS13(a disintegrin and metalloprotection with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) activity level of less than 10% supports the diagnosis of TTP in appropriate clinical contexts. Historically, nearly all patients died during the first month of illness with severe hemolytic anemia, abundant schistocytes, profound thrombocytopenia, neurological deficits, renal injury, and fever. Most such patients have severe ADAMTS13 deficiency. Currently, the first-line treatment of TTP including plasma exchange therapy and preemptive B-cell depletion with rituximab can increase the survival rate and reduce the recurrence rate. Case presentation: a 34-year-old male patient who presented with hematochezia and progression of disorder of consciousness was misdiagnosed with esophageal and gastric varices bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy based on his history of hepatitis B. However, he was diagnosed with TTP based on clinical and laboratory results. He received comprehensive and systemic treatments including taking methylprednisolone, rituximab, and multiple sessions of plasmapheresis. The patient recovered well after active treatment. Conclusion: in this article, we reported a patient diagnosed as TTP and reviewed the disease characteristics, pathogenesis, and treatment of TTP in order to deepen the understadning of TTP and to reduce its missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

Objective: to describe the clinical features of bilateral multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas(PAF) with paroxysmal aphasia as the first symptom. Methods: we collected the clinical history and examination data of a patient with paroxysmal aphasia. In order to trace the etiology, we performed chest computed tomography(CT) and pulmonary CT angiography (CTA). Results: the patient had paroxysmal aphasia with dizziness, brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) showed cerebral infarction, the transcranial Doppler(TCD) foaming test was positive, transesophageal ultrasound showed no patent foramen ovale, and chest CT and CTA showed bilateral multiple PAF. Conclusion: bilateral multiple PAF are rare in clinic. When patients have paroxysmal neurological symptoms, the possibility of PAF leading to embolism should be considered.

Objective: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a serious disorder that begins early in life, continues throughout the lifespan. Children with ASD who are diagnosed early are more responsive to therapeutic interventions and have less social and language impairment than children diagnosed later; however, current diagnostic measures are mostly applied to children older than one year and lack the appropriate biological markers for early diagnosis of ASD. Using bioinformatic analysis, this study explores the molecular information mechanism of ASD. Method: in this study, we used dataset GSE6575 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to analyze the mRNA expression profile of ASD, including 35 ASD samples and 12 normal control samples looking for different genes and we did enrichment analysis of those genes. We then used the STRING database to construct a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of differential genes. Finally, Cytoscape plug-in cytoHubba was used to search for hub genes. The diagnostic value of the hub genes was verified by subject operating characteristic curves. Result: we looked for 50 different genes and did an enrichment analysis of those genes. The results of the enrichment analysis showed that these differential genes were mainly concentrated in the response to viruses, the immune regulation of inflammation and energy metabolism. Using Cytoscape plug-in cytoHubba, we found ten different genes. We drew ROC curves for all ten genes among which two genes, interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta (IL2Rβ) and perforin 1 (PRF1), had good sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of autism. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.855, 0.830 for IL2Rβ, PRF1. Conclusion: data analysis using the GEO database can provide new insights into the etiology of ASD as well as some possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and treatment of ASD.

Neurosurgeons who perform intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation procedures have limited options for monitoring hematoma evacuation and intraoperatively assessing residual-hematoma burden. In recent years, neuroendoscope-assisted, minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous ICH is simple and effective and becoming increasingly common. Many methods are applied in neuronavigation-assisted surgery for ICH evacuation, such as neuroendoscopy, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, intraoperative ultrasound, and stereotactic craniotomy. Compared with a traditional craniotomy operation, hematoma removal (using methods of accurate localization) can reduce iatrogenic damage, protect white matter, and shorten patients’ recovery time. This paper mainly outlines the treatment of basal ganglia-cerebral hemorrhage with neuroendoscopy assistance using localization techniques.

Objective: the N-myc downstream regulatory gene 4(NDRG4) is involved in cell growth, cell proliferation, cell survival and tumor invasion. In this paper, the role of NDRG4 in glioma was explored. Method: the expression of NDRG4 in glioma clinical specimens and its relationship with the prognosis of glioma patients were analyzed by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas(CGGA), and the expression of NDRG4 protein and mRNA in glioma cell lines were tested and verified by Western blot and quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). Result: it showed that the expression of NDRG4 in glioma tissues and cell lines is closely related to the prognosis of glioma patients. Conclusion: NDRG4 is a highly potential target gene for glioma therapy.

Anxiety disorder is a common and serious mental disorder. At present, the pathogenesis of anxiety disorder includes hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuroimmune, and brain-gut axis disorders, among others. This paper discusses the correlation between anxiety disorder and the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis and finds that immune inflammation can be used as a “bridge” between the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis and anxiety disorder.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is the most common serious mental illness with a high disability rate and heavy social and family burdens. At present, there is no clear etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Studies have shown that the occurrence of schizophrenia may be related to the abnormality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The LIM-homeobox gene 3 (LHX3) and early growth response 1 (EGR1) can affect pituitary function. Because the synapsin 2 (SYN2) gene polymorphism regulates the activity of LHX3 and EGR1, it may cause the occurrence of schizophrenia. This article will review the possible involvement of SYN2 gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia via regulating the activity of LHX3 and EGR1, then to affect the HPA axis.

Objective: to screen the genes differentially expressed in autism using bioinformatics methods, and to explore their functional enrichment, related signaling pathways and the tissue-specific expression of hub genes. Methods: the autism expression profile chip numbered GSE77103 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was selected for examination. R language and related R packages were used for the screening and visualization of the differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway analysis of the differential genes were carried out using the relevant R package of R language. The database STRING was used to construct the interaction network of the proteins encoded by the differentially expressed genes, and the software Cytoscape was used to screen the hub genes in the network. The selected hub genes were imported into the BioGPS database to analyze the tissue-specific expression of the hub genes. Results: six hundred and sixty differentially expressed genes were screened out. Three hundred and seventy-three up-regulated genes and 287 down-regulated genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of autistic children were compared with the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy children. GO functional enrichment results showed that biological processes (BP) were mainly involved in viral response, negative regulation of viral genome replication, negative regulation of multiple biological processes, negative regulation of viral life cycle, and defense responses to viruses. Cell components (CC) were involved in vesicles, lysosomal membranes, lysosomal lumen, etc.; molecular functions (MF) were involved in regulating glutathione transferase activity, peroxidase activity, oxidoreductase activity, Glutathione peroxidase and transferase activity, etc. The results of KEGG signaling pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were related to the lysosomal pathway, the glutathione metabolism pathway and the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. The hub genes screened by cytoHubba were: interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 15 (ISG15), XIAP associated factor 1 (XAF1), MX dynamin like GTPase 1 (MX1), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 (OAS3), interferon induced protein 44 (IFI44), HECT and the RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5), interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 (ISG20). Conclusion: there are genes that are differentially expressed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of autistic toddlers and healthy toddlers. IRF7, ISG15, XAF1, MX1, IFIT1, IFIT5, OAS3, IFI44, HERC5, ISG20 are the hub regulatory genes of autism.

Objective: to observe the clinical efficacy of Shenling Baizhu Powder (SLBZP) combined with a subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in treating macular edema (ME) induced by retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods: there were 62 patients (62 eyes) with ME induced by RVO that were selected and divided into two groups in accordance with the random number table. Each group had 31 eyes. Group one, the control group, was treated with a single subconjunctival injection of TA; group two, the observation group, was treated with a single subconjunctival injection of TA (20mg/0.5mL) per eye and one month of SLBZP. To evaluate the clinical efficacy, both groups were checked (3×) with the best corrected-visual acuity (BCVA), center macular thickness (CMT), and intraocular pressure (IOP). The checks were before treatment, one month after injection, and three months after injection. Results: there were 26 eyes (83.87％) in the observation group, and 17 eyes (54.84%) in the control group in which the BCVA was significantly improved. The ME obviously decreased in 27 eyes (87.10%) the observation group and in 19 eyes (61.29%) the control group. The clinical efficacy of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: as one method to treat ME induced by RVO, SLBZP combined with subconjunctival injection of TA is significantly more effective than a single subconjunctival injection of TA.Besides, the SLBZP had less side-effects. Based on the above, this method deserves in-depth research.

Objective: to investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of bronchial cyst of the posterior mediastinum misdiagnosed as a ganglioneuroma, and to improve the level of their diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Methods: the clinical data and pathological findings of a young woman misdiagnosed with a ganglioneuroma was collected and analyzed, and the relevant literature were reviewed. Results: the patient had no specific clinical symptoms. The right posterior mediastinum was accidentally found due to a physical examination for COVID-19. The enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) showed a ganglioneuroma. After a thoracoscopic resection of the lesion, a pathological diagnosis revealed a posterior mediastinal bronchial cyst. Conclusion: bronchial cyst of the mediastinum is rare and their clinical symptoms are atypical and can be easily diagnosed as a ganglioneuroma. It can be preliminarily judged by laboratory and imaging examination and confirmed by pathological examination. The main treatment is surgical resection.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness whose etiology and pathogenesis are not yet clear. The level of miRNA may be a crucial factor in the occurrence and development of SCZ. This study found that miR-495 may regulate the susceptibility gene of SCZ and that proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) as a risk gene for schizophrenia may be involved in its pathogenesis. In this article we review the research progress related to hsa-miR-495-3p (miR-495), PLP1, and schizophrenia.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder, the etiology and mechanism of which are not yet clear. Studies have shown that folate deficiency can lead to abnormalities in the development of the central nervous system. Patients with autism spectrum disorders develop folate-alpha receptor autoantibodies. Folate-alpha receptor autoantibodies block folate transport, leading to a deficiency of folate in nerve tissues. Folate is effective in treating patients with folate-alpha receptor autoantibodies.

Objective: to describe the clinical features of Holmes tremor (HT) in the head and neck region caused by midbrain and thalamus hemorrhage. Methods: we collected the clinical history and examination data of a patient with HT in the head and neck region. Results: the patient had HT in the head and neck region with dizziness. Brain computed tomography (CT) showed midbrain and thalamus hemorrhage. Conclusion: HT in the head and neck region as a delayed complication of midbrain and thalamus stroke are rare in clinic. When patients have a tremor in the head and neck region after midbrain or thalamus stroke, HT should be considered.

Objective: to describe the clinical features of a case of infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis, followed by cerebral embolism, spleen embolism and tendon rupture. Methods: the clinical data of a 22-year-old female patient with aphasia hemiplegia and abdominal pain were collected. Relevant examinations such as routine blood test, myocardial enzyme spectrum, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac color Doppler ultrasound, brain magnetic resonance, abdominal computed tomography (CT) and blood culture were completed, and anti infection treatment was carried out according to the drug sensitivity test. Results: brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral infarction in the left basal ganglia, cardiac color Doppler ultrasound showed mitral valve vegetation and abscess formation, and abdominal CT showed splenic infarction. After anti infection treatment, the patient’s condition gradually improved, but the patient had sudden arrhythmia in the recovery period. Color Doppler ultrasound showed rupture of the mitral tendinous cord and valve prolapse. The condition was improved after surgical treatment. Conclusion: the first manifestation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis infection is cerebral infarction, which is relatively rare in the clinic setting. The main manifestation of this case is aphasia hemiplegia with abdominal pain. Blood culture and identification show Staphylococcus lugdunensis, which is rare in adolescent patients. The infection has a rapid onset, rapid progress and causes serious valve damage. Timely strain identification and drug sensitivity test are conducive to accurate diagnosis and treatment. Valve surgery is often necessary.

Objective: allergic granulomatous vasculitis is relatively rare in clinic. We aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of allergic granulomatous vasculitis. Methods: collecting allergic granulomatous vasculitis patients in Taihe Hospital from January 2017 to June 2020, sorting out their general information, system involvement and clinical examination results, and analyzing their clinical characteristics. Results: a total of 5 patients diagnosed with allergic granulomatous vasculitis were collected, all with multiple organ involvement, including the skin, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, urinary system, and nervous system. Respiratory system involvement was mainly due to decreased lung function; 60% manifested as obstructive ventilatory dysfunction. Lung biopsy showed a large amount of eosinophil infiltration in the interstitium of the alveolar septum, and eosinophil and fibrin-like exudation in the alveolar cavity. The circulatory system was mainly affected by myocardial damage, and patient two (P2) had pericardial effusion. 60% of nervous system involvement was central nervous system involvement, and 40% was peripheral nerve involvement. Skin system involvement accounted for 60%. Urinary system involvement was mainly manifested as hematuria and proteinuria. Digestive system involvement was mainly manifested as gastritis, gastric ulcer and other diseases. Conclusion: allergic granulomatous vasculitis is clinically rare. The clinical manifestations are atypical and often involve damage to multiple systems. Clinicians need to fully understand the characteristics of the disease and make comprehensive judgments based on the onset process and examination results to avoid misdiagnosis.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness with unknown etiology, high recurrence rate and high disability rate, which has caused a great burden to individuals and society. There is no clear etiology and pathogenesis. Methylation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) can regulate the nervous and mental system, and affect the function of the nervous system. Proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) is a risk gene for schizophrenia. In this study we review the research progress on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, m6A methylation, and PLP1 gene.

In recent years, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior has emerged in a large number of adolescent depression. NSSI associated with adolescent depression may be an addictive behavior, which has many similar neurobiological mechanisms to substance addiction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and precursor of BDNF (proBDNF) play an important role in addiction behavior, and they may be related to endogenous opioid receptors. The location and distribution of opioid μ receptors in the brain are related to reward, motivation and emotion regulated by behavioral addiction. The purpose of this paper is to review the general situation, mechanism and relationship between the characteristics of NSSI behavior addiction and brain-derived nutritional factors in adolescents with depression.

Objective: to explore brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) messenger in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with depressive episodes before and after anti-depressant treatment changes in RNA (mRNA) expression levels. Methods: fifteen patients hospitalized with depression in the Affiliated Mental Hospital of Kunming Medical University from December 2021 to June 2022 were collected as research objects. After 4 weeks of anti-depressant treatment, BDNF mRNA and MMP9 mRNA in patients with depression were detected before and after treatment, and statistically analyzed. Results: after 4 weeks of antidepressant treatment, there was no significant difference in BDNF mRNA expression level after treatment compared with before treatment (P>0.05). The mRNA level of MMP9 was higher than that before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: antidepressant therapy increases the expression of MMP9 mRNA, increasing the conversion of BDNF precursor (proBDNF) to mature for BDNF (mBDNF) to relieve depressive symptoms, and the total content of BDNF did not change significantly.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely studied neurotrophic factor, which plays an important role in the growth, development, differentiation, injury, repair, survival and apoptosis of nerve cells. More and more studies have found that there is a high prevalence of depressive disorders in patients with autoimmune diseases. Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune exocrine disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and exocrine gland destruction. Depressive disorders are common in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. The quality of life of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome with depression was generally lower than that of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome without depression. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of BDNF and depression in Sjögren’s syndrome at home and abroad.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the growth, development, differentiation, injury, repair, survival and apoptosis of nerve cells. Precursor of BDNF (proBDNF) is an important regulator of neurodegeneration, long-term hippocampal inhibition and synaptic plasticity. Alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) is a group of chronic recurrent diseases with unknown etiology. Current studies believe that proBDNF plays an important role in the occurrence, development and outcome of ADS. Alcohol dependence patients, like other neurodegenerative diseases, will also have different degrees of cognitive impairment. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between BDNF, proBDNF, alcohol dependence and cognitive impairment.

Alcohol dependence is a chronic and relapsing disease that causes mental and organ damage due to long-term heavy drinking, which has serious adverse effects on individuals and society. Previous studies have shown that even after inpatient treatment, the relapse rate of alcohol-dependent patients can be as high as 60% – 70% within 3 months after discharge. Currently, the mechanisms associated with relapse to drinking in alcohol-dependent patients are still unclear. And most of the studies reported in the past have been about the relationship between psychosocial factors and relapse to drinking, while few studies have examined the relationship between biological indicators and relapse to drinking. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize the recent literature to explore the biological markers related to alcohol dependence relapse and discuss the progress of research on relapse prediction, in order to provide reference and help to reduce the relapse rate and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective: rupture of liver metastases with disturbance of consciousness accompanied by aggravation of hemiplegia is very rare. We describe the clinical features of a case of spontaneous rupture of liver metastasis tumors with disturbance of consciousness and progression of right limb hemiplegia. Methods: collect the patient’s medical history, conduct a detailed physical examination, timely improve the relevant laboratory and imaging examination, formulate a comprehensive treatment plan, and track the changes of the disease and the treatment effect. Results: the patient presented with blurred consciousness, hemiplegia of the right limb, and epigastric tenderness when admitted to the hospital. No evident new lesions were found on cranial computed tomography (CT). Blood routine examination showed that hemoglobin decreased significantly compared with before. Abdominal CT showed tumor rupture and bleeding. The patient in critical condition did not have operation conditions, but improved after conservative treatment. Conclusion: when patients with liver metastasis tumors suddenly have a disturbance of consciousness and progress of hemiplegia, they should not only be considered to have acute cerebrovascular diseases, but also the possibility of rupture of liver metastasis tumors. If only treated according to acute stroke, it will endanger their lives. For the liver metastasis tumor rupture, if there is no opportunity for embolotherapy, timely conservative treatment with drugs can also achieve good results.

Depression is a common mental disorder with low mood, loss of interest and pleasure as main symptoms. Because of depending on the subjective diagnosis of psychiatrists, its diagnosis is no reliable objective basis. P300 research findings can be used as an objective diagnostic indicator for patients. This paper mainly introduces the current research status of event-related potentials for depression and introduces the scientific research and clinical significance of P300 for depression.

Chronic insomnia disorder (CID) is a relatively common clinical sleep disorder, which is essentially characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep due to frequent and persistent difficulties in falling asleep or maintaining sleep. The etiology and pathogenesis of CID are not fully understood. In the past decades, medical research has explored the interrelationship between cytokines (CKs) and sleep disorders, and this paper reviews the correlation between CID and inflammatory factors in the context of domestic and international research on the subject.

Clozapine has been recognized as the best drug for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia, but its clinical use is very cautious. Clozapine has many side effects, among which agranulocytosis is fatal. And it often causes glucose intolerance, leading to type 2 diabetes. The treatment plan for elevated blood glucose in clozapine patients is still unclear. This paper will report one case of glucose intolerance caused by clozapine and its alternative treatment, and discuss the treatment plan.

In recent years, the serious social phenomenon of suicide has been of great concern to society and academia. However, the study and early risk assessment of suicide have been limited by multiple aspects. Therefore, researchers have started to search for a reliable marker for early diagnosis of suicide risk, and one of the widely studied neurotransmitters associated with suicide is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This review aims to summarize the current scientific knowledge on the relevance of BDNF and psychiatric disorders to suicide and to infer whether neurotrophic factors could be a reliable marker for early diagnosis of suicide risk. Based on the results of these studies, a link between BDNF and suicide may exist and act independently of mental illness. However, there is still controversy and further studies may provide researchers with useful information.