Soil inorganic carbon sequestration through alkalinity regeneration using biologically induced weathering of rock powder and biochar
Muhammad Azeem1,2,3, Sajjad Raza4, Gang Li1,2, Pete Smith5, Yong-Guan Zhu1,2()
1. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China 2. Zhejiang Key Lab of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China 3. Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan 4. School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 21000, China 5. Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
● Soil acidification caused severe losses of soil inorganic carbon stock worldwide.
● SIC losses could be mitigated via alkalinity regeneration approaches.
● Rock/mineral powder can supply substantial basic cations to soil to reduce acidification.
● Microorgnisms could be utilized to enhance weathering of rock/mineral powder.
● Biochar and bone biochar could reduce SIC losses via alkalinity regeneration.
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) accounts for about half of the C reserves worldwide and is considered more stable than soil organic carbon (SOC). However, soil acidification, driven mainly by nitrogen (N) fertilization can accelerate SIC losses, possibly leading to complete loss under continuous and intensive N fertilization. Carbonate-free soils are less fertile, productive, and more prone to erosion. Therefore, minimizing carbonate losses is essential for soil health and climate change mitigation. Rock/mineral residues or powder have been suggested as a cheaper source of amendments to increase soil alkalinity. However, slow mineral dissolution limits its efficient utilization. Soil microorganisms play a vital role in the weathering of rocks and their inoculation with mineral residues can enhance dissolution rates. Biochar is an alternative material for soil amendments, in particular, bone biochar (BBC) contains higher Ca and Mg that can induce even higher alkalinity. This review covers i) the contribution and mechanism of rock residues in alkalinity generation, ii) the role of biochar or BBC to soil alkalinity, and iii) the role of microbial inoculation for accelerating alkalinity generation through enhanced mineral dissolution. We conclude that using rock residues/BBC combined with microbial agents could mitigate soil acidification and SIC losses and also improve agricultural circularity.
. [J]. Soil Ecology Letters, 2022, 4(4): 293-306.
Muhammad Azeem, Sajjad Raza, Gang Li, Pete Smith, Yong-Guan Zhu. Soil inorganic carbon sequestration through alkalinity regeneration using biologically induced weathering of rock powder and biochar. Soil Ecology Letters, 2022, 4(4): 293-306.
Wood mixture enhanced SOC from 0.001–0.0069 mg C kg?1 of soil.
Wood mixture enhanced (SIC) up to 0.045 mg C kg?1 of soil.
Fidel et al., 2017
Holm oak wood, 400°C for 8 h
5% mixed with 95% compost
Copper mine spoil planted with Brassica juncea, pot experiment (90 days)
Increased 16–180 g C kg?1
3.8–37 g C kg?1 increment in SIC
Rodríguez-Vila et al., 2016
Calotropis procera, 450°C for 1h
30 and 60 tons ha–1
8 years old reclaimed mine spoil and forest soil. 6 months incubation in the field, natural conditions
Total SOC increased by 36–40 g C kg?1 compared to forest soil (21 g C kg–1)
The SIC enhanced form 1.9 g C kg–1 to 3.5 g C kg–1 and 4.5 g C kg–1 at BC30 and BC60, respectively.
Ghosh and Maiti, 2021
Rice husks (70%) and cotton seedhulls (30%), 400°C for 4 h
0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg ha?1
Wheat and maize rotation
TOC contents were enhanced by 32%–104% with 30, 60, and 90 Mg ha?1 of biochar application
SIC accumulated by 18.8%, 42.4% and 62.3%, respectively, in the 0–20 cm soil layer.
Dong et al., 2018, 2019ab
Corn straw, 360°C
4.5 Mg (ha?1 yr?1 B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha?1 yr?1
Wheat and maize rotation
After 10 years of biochar incorporation, 62–81% of biochar-C (was transformed to SOC under 0–100 cm soil layer)
Straw incorporation (3.2–3.7 g kg–1) revealed higher SIC accumulation compared to biochar (1.0–2.0 g kg?1) and control (1.0–2.0 g kg?1), under 0–40 cm soil layer
Lu et al., 2021
Corncobs, 360°C
0, 4.5 and 9.0 Mg ha?1 year?1
Silt loam, wheat–maize rotation
Total SOC contents increased up to 16%–82%
Enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%),
Shi et al., 2021
Tab.1
Fig.1
Feedstock
EC(dS m?1)
pH
CEC(cmol kg?1)
Surface area (m2 g?1)
Chemical composition (%)
C
H
O
N
P
Ca
Mg
SIC
Ash
Wood
7.46±6.1
9.05±1.2
18.2±8.1
106±300
63.71±16
3.08±1.3
19.23±8.8
0.95±1.1
0.40±0.04
26.3±2.60
0.52±0.08
3.92±3.11
5.3±7.0
Manure
0.46±0.5
9.94±1.3
66.1±8.00
22±36
30.80±10
1.39±0.6
34.01±33
4.44±6.2
2.57±0.14
52.7±3.64
5.78±2.15
-
44.6±0.97
Crop residues
2.52±3.3
8.81±1.6
56.3±3.92
111±112
59.24±12
2.54±1.1
17.34±8.5
1.22±1.4
0.80±0.09
20.7±2.16
0.61±0.07
-
21.1±0.54
Bone char
3.12±0.01
7.94±0.5
-
88±61
8.86±3.5
0.75±0.5
27.52±5.4
1.59±1.2
17.13±2.3
39.53±7.3
-
-
80.53±11.2
Bone biochar
0.88±0.5
9.37±1.3
-
115±99
24.34±19
2.02±1.3
16.74±8.6
2.49±1.3
11.77±5.8
35.04±50.4
12.6±0.11
-
51.79±5.33
Tab.2
Fig.2
Bacteria
Mineral
Crop
Type of experiment
Results
Reference
Bacillus pseudomycoides O-5
Waste mica
Camellia sinensis L.
Pot experiment
B. pseudomycoides solubilized the mica waste of 33.32 ± 2.40 μg K mL?1 in culture medium (7 days) while 47.0 ± 7.1 mg kg?1 in microcosm soil after 107 days of addition
Pramanik et al., 2019
Bacillus cereus
K-feldspar
Potato
Field experiment
42% increase in soil available K using co-use of B. cereus and K-feldspar with reduced soil pH via release of organic acids
Ali et al., 2021
Bacillus subtilis ANctcri3; B.megaterium ANctcri7
Feldspar rock powder (K 3.9%)
Elephant foot yam
Field experiment
475–522 mg kg?1 of K release was notices using both strains with lowering pH and attachment of bacteria on mineral surface
Higher plant uptake (4%-22%) and biomass accumulation of K (29%-86%)
Singh et al., 2010
Pseudomonas sp.
Muscovite
Tomato
Pot experiment
188 and 127% of K release from biotite and muscovite, respectively. Ability of K solubilization was in the range of 19–49 mg?L?1
Sarikhani et al., 2018
Bacillus edaphicus
Illite
Cotton and rape
Pot experiment
Oxalic acid production was the key in releasing the K
Sheng and He, 2006
Bacillus mucilaginosus
Waste mica
Sudan grass
Pot experiment
Mineral K release to water soluble and exchangeable K with bacterial inoculation. 13%–36% higher uptake of K in plants
Basak and Biswas, 2009
Enterobacter sp. GL7, Klebsiella sp. JM3, XF4, and XF11
K-feldspar
Tobacco
Pot experiment
0.5–4.4 mg L?1 of K release in a liquid medium
Zhang and Kong, 2014
Klebsiella oxytoca KSB-17
Waste mica
Maize
Pot experiment
Increased uptake of K (154%) in plants
Imran et al., 2020
Aspergillus sp. FS-4
27 vol% (Basalt-T) and 18 vol%(Basalt-F)
Glass composition
-
Higher release of Mg, Al, Fe, and K with Aspergillus with a reduction in pH and higher siderophores production
Hu et al., 2020
Verticillium sp.
olivine
Mg-deficient Forest soil
Incubation (9 months)
16% weathering flux in 9 months of soil incubation with (2.2 ± 1.2) × 10?10 moles of olivine per square meter per second (mol m?2 s?) of dissolution rate
Wild, 2021
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