Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front Envir Sci Eng Chin    0, Vol. Issue () : 459-473    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-010-0288-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Quantitative standard of eco-compensation for the water source area in the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China
Zhanfeng DONG1,2, Jinnan WANG2()
1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; 2. Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
 Download: PDF(358 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

The Middle Route Project(MRP) of the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (SNWT) in China will require a very large financial expenditure to ensure the water supply and the associated water quality to northern China. An eco-compensation mechanism between the water service source areas and its beneficiaries is essential. This paper establishes an analytic framework of eco-compensation standard for the protection of the water source area, including both the calculation of eco-compensation based on opportunity cost method (OCM) and calculation of the burden sharing of eco-compensation between the water source area and the external water reception area based on the deviation square method (DSM). Taking Shiyan City, Hubei Province in China as a case study, our results show that the eco-compensation in the first-phase of MRP for the water source area in Shiyan, Hubei Province should be 1.63×1010 CNY, about four times of planned eco-construction investment budget(4.33×109 CNY). In addition, the burden sharing of eco-compensation varied greatly in terms of different methods. It would be better to integrate the results of different single-factor burden sharing methods by determining the corresponding weighting coefficient with DSM and form one unanimous consent result by the interested parties.
Keywords the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme      eco-compensation standard      opportunity costs      deviation square method     
Corresponding Author(s): WANG Jinnan,Email:wangjn@caep.org.cn   
Issue Date: 05 September 2011
 Cite this article:   
Zhanfeng DONG,Jinnan WANG. Quantitative standard of eco-compensation for the water source area in the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng Chin, 0, (): 459-473.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-010-0288-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/459
itemsdetailed information
land type (proportion)hilly arealow mountain reliefmiddle mountainshigh mountain reliefValley flat areaintermountain basin
(23.0%)(31.2%)(28.7%)(13.7%)(1.65%)(1.75%)
land use pattern (proportion)forest landfarmlandgarden landgrasslandwater arearesidential area of the city, town and countryside, and area for transportation land use
(57.42%)(8.13%)(1.63%)(7.50%)(4.31%)(20.99%)
population distribution (million)total populationnon-agricultural populationagricultural populationurban permanent populationurban floating populationrural labor populationrural outflow population
(3.46)(1.34)(2.11)(0.53)(0.01)(1.20)(0.51)
annual average precipitation (billion m3)21.50
catchment area (km2)1.98×104
rivers and tributariesmore than 2000 rivers and tributaries flowing into the DRA in Shiyan area, main rivers are as follows: Du Rvier, Tao River, Quyuan River, Tian River, Jinqian River, Guanshan River, Malan River, Lang River, Shending River, Xiangxi River, Yandu River and Nan River. Du Rvier is the largest river and also is the largest tributary of the Han River
annually water allocation (million m3)ShiyanHenanHebeiTianjinBeijing
2793.77×1033.47×1031.02×1031.24×103
water quality (key monitoring sections)Du RvierShending RiverSi RiverJiang RiverJian River
grade Ⅲworsen than gradeⅤworsen than gradeⅤgradeⅤWorsen than gradeⅤ
pollution contribution of Shiyan area to the water quality of DRA>80%
water and soil erosionmildmediumheavytotal eroded area is 1.19×104 km2
(proportion)(46.02%)(17.96%)(33.17%)
Tab.1  Spatial information of the study area
Fig.1  Location of the study area
Fig.2  Analytic framework of the ecological compensation standard
methodcalculation modeldefinition of the parameters
water consumption based modelEi=Qi×E∑i=1nQiCi=EiE=Qi∑i=1nQiCi: burden sharing coefficient of the i area; Qi: water reception quantity of the i area; Ei: burden sharing of eco-compensation of the i area; E: total eco-compensation amount; i∈(1,5)
ecological services value based modelCi=Bj∑j=1nBj=∑u=1n∑v=1nΔAu·gv·hjv∑j=1n∑u=1n∑v=1nΔAu·gv·hjvBj: ecological services beneficiary amount of the j regions; j1: the water source protection area, j2: the external water reception regions, j3: the other regions of China, j∈(1,3); ?Au: land area changes of the different land utilization type before and after the first-phase construction of the water source area in the MRP; v: various kind of ecological services provided by the water source area; gv: different ecological services value coefficient of the different ecosystem; hjv: weighting coefficient of the beneficiary level of the j regions
MPC based modelai=gdpi ˉ∑gdpi ˉCi=ai∑aigdpˉi: per capital gdp of the i area; ai:gdpˉi of the i water reception area accounts for the total gdpˉ of all the water beneficiary areas; ai>1 indicates the economic development level in the i area is higher than the average of the water beneficiary areas; ai<1 indicates the economic development level in the i area is lower than the average of the water beneficiary areas; ai=1 indicates the economic development level in the i area is close to the average of the water beneficiary areas i∈(1,5)
Tab.2  Burden sharing calculation model of eco-compensation with the SFBSM and DSM
cost itemsMaojian DistrictZhangwan DistrictDanjiangkou CityYun CountyYunxi CountyZhushan CountyZhuxi CountyFang County
sewage treatment plants1.504.567.161.211.220.764.9913.40
sanitary landfill sites1.201.600.883.900.750.232.654.95
medical waste treatment center0.000.210.000.000.000.000.000.12
capability building of water quality monitoring1.00×10-20.009.87×10-20.270.101.93×10-20.120.28
capability building of the environmental protection department2.30×10-25.90×10-30.220.300.101.62×10-20.281.47
overall54.6
annual average5.46
Tab.3  Pollution control cost in the water source area (1.00×10 CNY)
cost itemsMaojian DistrictZhangwan DistrictDanjiangkou CityYun CountyYunxi CountyZhushan CountyZhuxi CountyFang County
forestry construction7.00×10-40.000.002.000.300.000.700.00
grassland construction0.000.000.000.490.000.000.000.00
wetland construction0.000.000.001.32×10-80.000.001.54×10-80.00
water and soil erosion treatment5.801.545.554.116.49×10-21.10×10-20.552.28
Ecological farming demonstration construction0.003.361.932.091.250.003.414.56
overall40.02
annual average4.00
Tab.4  Water and soil conservation and ecological construction cost in the water source area (1.00×10 CNY)
calculation itemsMaojian DistrictZhangwan DistrictDanjiangkou CityYun CountyYunxi CountyZhushan CountyZhuxi CountyFang County
submerged area lossfarming and forest lands0.000.001.240.942.580.000.000.00
enterprise0.030.001.005.354.500.000.000.00
enterprises shutting down Lossoperational income0.000.000.151.417.870.002.260.38
pre-tax profit income0.016.45×10-23.81×10-20.320.890.140.410.27
transformation costs of the regulatory compliant enterprises0.000.270.571.920.000.000.005.50×10-2
cost of the relocated enterprise0.000.002.765.250.000.000.000.00
cost of the relocated and reconstructed infrastructure1.20×10-20.000.0012.280.300.000.000.00
the added infrastructure reconstruction expenses0.000.001.004.500.600.000.000.00
loss of returning farmland to forest or grass1.75×10-20.260.642.970.521.48×10-21.900.42
landslide and collapse controlling expenses0.000.280.000.910.150.000.000.00
overall67.46
annual average6.75
Tab.5  Loss of development opportunity cost in the water source area (1.00×10 CNY)
Maojian DistrictZhangwan DistrictDanjiangkou CityYun CountyYunxi CountyZhushan CountyZhuxi CountyFang County
the 8 regions respectively8.6012.7323.2450.2221.191.1917.2728.19
annual average of the 8 regions respectively0.861.272.325.022.120.121.732.82
overall162.63
annual average16.26
Tab.6  Inputs of eco-compensation to the water source area (1.00×10 CNY)
burden sharing calculation methodburden sharing coefficient of the water source area and the external water reception area
water consumption quantity based method0.03∶0.97
benefited ecological service value based method0.31∶0.69
MPC based method0.12∶0.88
DSM based method0.13∶0.87
Tab.7  Burden sharing coefficient of eco-compensation calculated with the SFBSM and DSM
1 Yung E C. An ecological perspective on the valuation of ecosystem services. Biological Conservation , 2004, 120(4): 549-565
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.028
2 Jorgensen B S, Wilson M A, Heberlein T A. Fairness in the contingent valuation of environmental public goods: attitude toward paying for environmental improvements at two levels of scope. Ecological Economics , 2001, 36(1): 133-148
doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00210-X
3 Loomis J, Kent P, Strange L, Fausch K, Covich A. Measuring the total economic value of restoring ecosystem services in an impaired river basin: results from a contingent valuation survey. Ecological Economics , 2000, 33(1): 103-117
doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00131-7
4 O’Ryan R. Cost-effective polices to improve urban air quality in Santiago Chile. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 1996, 31(3): 302-313
doi: 10.1006/jeem.1996.0046
5 Stoneham G, Chaudhri V, Ha A, Strappazzon L. Auctions for conservation contracts: an empirical examination of Victoria's BushTender trial. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics , 2003, 47(4): 477-500
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.2003.t01-1-00224.x
6 Cason T, Gangadharan L, Duke C. A laboratory study of auctions for reducing non-point source pollution. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 2003, 46(3): 446-471
doi: 10.1016/S0095-0696(03)00026-3
7 Ferraro Paul J. Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics , 2008, 65(4): 810-821
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.029
8 Roland B A G, Leon M H. Broadening the picture: Negotiating payment schemes for water-related environmental services in the Netherlands. Ecological Economics , 2009, 68(11): 2760-2767
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.06.008
9 Bishop R C, Heberlein T A. Measuring values of extra-market goods: Are indirect methods biased? American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 1981, 66(3): 926-930
10 Henrik S. Economic valuation of the environment: how citizens make sense of contingent valuation questions. Land Economics , 2003, 79(1): 122-135
doi: 10.2307/3147109
11 Li X G, Miao H, Zheng G H, Ouyang Z Y. Main methods for setting ecological compensation standard and their application. Acta Ecologica Sinica , 2009, 29(8): 4431-4440 (in Chinese)
12 Stefano P. Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica. Ecological Economics , 2008, 65(4): 712-724
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.033
13 Theo D, Paul F, Marjorie H, Douglas S, Shyam U, Sven W. payments for watershed services regional syntheses. 2007, http://www.oired.vt.edu/sanremcrsp/documents/PES.Sourcebook.Oct.2007/PESbrief7.Regional%20Synth.pdf
14 Ruan B Q, Xu F R, Zhang C L. Review of research and practice of river basin ecological compensation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 2008, 39(10): 1220-1225 (in Chinese)
15 Liu Y L, Xu F R, Zhang C L, Ruan B Q, Luo Y Z. Model for river basin ecological compensation. China Water Resources , 2006, 22: 36-38 (in Chinese)
16 Liu X H, Yu X J. Research on standardization of compensation for trans-regional water pollution based on protection of water eco-system in river valley- an empirical analysis of Tai Lake basin. Ecological Economics , 2007, (8): 129-135 (in Chinese)
17 Zhang C L. The compensation mechanism to restore water resources. Beijing: China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, 2003, 80-92 (in Chinese)
18 Cai B C, Lu G F, Song L J, Li J, Liu Z. The ecological compensation standardization for ecological restoration: a case study of ecological restoration in the water resource protection zone for Eastern South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Acta Ecologica Sinica , 2008, 28(5): 2413-2416 (in Chinese)
19 CAO G H. Jiang D L. Ecological Compensation Solution to trans-boundary pollution. Ecological Economics , 2009, 11: 160-164 (in Chinese)
20 Zheng H X, Zhang L B. Research on the standardization of compensation for the service of ecological system in river valley. Environmental Protection , 2006, (1A):42-46 (in Chinese)
21 XU D W, Hu M G, Zheng H X. Measuring method of river basin ecological compensation based on river water quality and its water quantity about across administration area. China Population Resources and Environment , 2008, 18(4):189-194 (in Chinese)
22 Wang F E, Xu X Y, Fang Z F, Yu J. Quantification of water pollution eco-compensation in Qiantang River watershed based on COD flux. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin , 2009, 18(3): 259-263 (in Chinese)
23 Zhang Q L, Dang Z L. Report on ecological restoration in the Shanxi water resource protection zone for Eastern South-to-North Water Transfer Project. 2008 (in Chinese)
24 Macmillan D C, Harley D, Morrison R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of woodland ecosystem restoration. Ecological Economics , 1998, 27(3): 313-324 (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00023-8
25 Ram K S, Janaki R R A. Valuing environmental benefits of silvopasture practice: a case study of the Lake Okeechobee watershed in Florida. Ecological Economics , 2004, 49(3): 349-359
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.01.015
26 Pattanayak S K. Valuing watershed services: concepts and empirics from Southeast Asia. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment , 2004, 104(1): 171-184
doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.016
27 Zhao M H, Xu C G, Huang Q, Tian F W, Xue X J. Application of differential square method for sharing compensation benefits between cascade hydropower stations and for sharing costs between multipurpose water projects. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering , 2004, 6(23): 1-4 (in Chinese)
28 Yang Y Z, Chui Y, Shi A N. Research of investment share in Xiaolangdi Key Control Project. Journal of Hohai University , 1999, 27(4): 45-49 (in Chinese)
29 Shi S J, Li H E, Lin Q C, Dang Z L. Study on method for calculating eco-compensation fund sharing in inter-basin water transfer projects. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 2009, 40(3): 268-273 (in Chinese)
30 Robert C, Ralph D, Rudolf D G, Stephen F, Monica G, Bruce H, Karin L, Shahid N, Robert V O, Jose P, Robert G R, Paul S, Marjan V D B. The value of the world’s Ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature , 1997, 387(6630): 253-260
doi: 10.1038/387253a0
31 Xie G D, Lu C X, Leng Y F, Zheng D, Li S C. Ecological assets valuation of Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Nature Resource , 2003, 18(2): 189-195 (in Chinese)
32 Khan H. Poverty, environment and economic growth: exploring the links among three complex issues with specific focus on the Pakistan's case. Environment, Development and Sustainability , 2008, 10(6): 913-929
doi: 10.1007/s10668-007-9092-5
33 Manzoor E C, Sarwar U A. Poverty-environment nexus: an investigation of linkage using survey data. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development , 2010, 9(1): 91-113
doi: 10.1504/IJESD.2010.029965
34 John K. Watershed development, environmental services, and poverty alleviation in India. World Development , 2002, 30(8): 1387-1400
doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00042-6
35 Liu J G, Diamond J. China’s environment in a globalizing world. Nature , 2005, 435(7046): 1179-1186
doi: 10.1038/4351179a pmid:15988514
36 Stefano P, Agustin A, Gunars P. Can payments for environmental services help reduce poverty? An exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America. World Development , 2005, 33(2): 237-253
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.011
37 Stefanie E, Stefano P, Sven W. Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues. Ecological Economics , 2008, 65(4): 663-674
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.011
38 Li W H. Seeking for the building of the mechanism of ecological compensation in China-An interview with Li Wenhua, the Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Environment and Progress , 2006, 19: 4-8 (in Chinese)
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed