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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (3) : 548-558    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0831-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Selection and characterization of eight freshwater green algae strains for synchronous water purification and lipid production
Jingjing ZHAN1,Qiao ZHANG1,2,Momei QIN1,Yu HONG1,*()
1. Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518001, China
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Abstract

The objective of this study is to select and characterize the candidate for synchronous water purification and lipid production from eight freshwater microalgae strains (Chlorella sp. HQ, C. emersonii, C. pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, S. quadricauda, S. obiquus, Scenedesmus sp. LX1). The strains Chlorella sp. HQ, C. pyrenoidesa, and S. obliquus showed superiority in biomass accumulation, while the top biomass producers did not correspond to the top lipid producers. S. quadricauda achieved higher lipid content (66.1%), and Chlorella sp. HQ and S. dimorphus ranked down in sequence, with lipid content above 30%. Considering nutrient removal ability (total nitrogen (TN): 52.97%; total phosphorus (TP): 84.81%), the newly isolated microalga Chlorella sp. HQ was the possible candidate for water purification coupled with lipid production. To further investigate the lipid producing and nutrient removal mechanism of candidate microalga, the ultra structural changes especially the lipid droplets under different water qualities (different TN and TP concentrations) were characterized. The results elucidate the nutrient-deficiency (TN: 3.0 mg·L-1; TP: 0.3 mg·L-1) condition was in favor of forming lipid bodies in Chlorella sp. HQ at the sub-cellular level, while the biomass production was inhibited due to the decrease in chloroplast number which could further suppress the nutrient removal effect. Finally, a two-phase cultivation process (a nutrient replete phase to produce biomass followed by a nutrient deplete phase to enhance lipid content) was conducted in a photo-bioreactor for Chlorella sp. HQ to serve for algae-based synchronous biodiesel production and wastewater purification.
Keywords freshwater microalgae      biomass production      lipid accumulation      nutrient removal     
Corresponding Author(s): Yu HONG   
Online First Date: 22 February 2016    Issue Date: 05 April 2016
 Cite this article:   
Jingjing ZHAN,Qiao ZHANG,Momei QIN, et al. Selection and characterization of eight freshwater green algae strains for synchronous water purification and lipid production[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(3): 548-558.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-016-0831-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I3/548
Fig.1  18S rDNA (a) and ITS (b) regions PCR amplification of Chlorella sp. HQ
Fig.2  (A) The structure of photo-bioreactor and (B) the photo-bioreactors built in this study (microalgae were incubated into a 2L-photo-bioreactor containing 1.5L autoclaved mBG11 medium with air aeration of 1 L·min-1; High: 40 cm ; Diameter: 8 cm)
Fig.3  Algal growth curves of eight algae species
microalgae species independent experiment logistic parameters
K/(106 cells·mL-1) r/d-1 statistics
value error/(SE) value error/(SE) Adj. R2
Chlorella sp. HQ 1 17.76 5.64 0.24 0.07 0.88
2 25.67 12.86 0.19 0.05 0.91
3 14.38 1.82 0.32 0.07 0.91
average 19.27 3.35 0.25 0.04 0.90
Scenedesmus dimorphus 1 2.23 93.43 0.07 0.24 0.12
2 3.33 72.53 0.11 0.18 0.31
3 2.83 0.18 0.80 0.18 0.95
average 2.80 0.32 0.33 0.24 0.46
Chlorella ellipsoidea 1 1.40 100.83 0.20 0.33 0.45
2 1.30 1.98 0.20 0.19 0.30
3 1.65 0.90 0.34 0.26 0.53
average 1.45 0.10 0.25 0.05 0.43
Scenedesmus quadricauda 1 1.26 3.67 0.31 0.22 0.73
2 1.24 4.76 0.23 0.21 0.64
3 1.36 2.62 0.23 0.12 0.82
average 1.28 0.04 0.26 0.03 0.73
Chlorella pyrenoidesa 1 12.85 2.66 0.27 0.07 0.88
2 11.23 5.88 0.21 0.09 0.84
3 10.81 1.83 0.26 0.06 0.91
average 11.63 0.62 0.24 0.02 0.87
Scenedesmus obliquus 1 11.13 1.82 0.28 0.07 0.90
2 12.80 2.77 0.23 0.05 0.92
3 10.49 1.04 0.56 0.15 0.85
average 11.47 0.69 0.36 0.10 0.89
Chlorella vulgaris 1 16.16 2.21 0.24 0.04 0.96
2 17.14 1.85 0.25 0.03 0.97
3 18.03 2.33 0.25 0.04 0.95
average 17.11 0.54 0.25 0.01 0.96
Scenedesmus sp. LX1 1 3.43 0.26 0.37 0.04 0.98
2 3.28 0.50 0.30 0.06 0.94
3 2.74 0.28 0.50 0.13 0.91
average 3.15 0.21 0.39 0.06 0.95
Tab.1  The logistic parameters of eight freshwater green microalgae strains
algae species biomassproduction/(mg·L-1) lipid content/% lipidproductivity /(mg·L-1·d-1) TN removal efficiency/% TP removal efficiency/%
Chlorella sp. HQ 157.78±6.85 31.84±3.19 1.51±0.15 52.97±0.29 84.81±0.53
Chlorella ellipsoidea 121.67±27.54 16.85±7.85 1.03±0.48 59.61±0.77 64.65±1.32
Chlorella pyrenoidesa 161.67±5.77 18.02±5.36 1.46±0.43 79.12±0.13 85.63±0.50
Chlorella vulgaris 101.67±10.41 28.65±14.08 1.46±0.72 61.92±0.55 69.28±1.07
Scenedesmus dimorphus 85±7.07 30.59±1.25 1.30±0.05 40.43±0.10 50.14±1.63
Scenedesmus quadricauda 51.67±10.41 66.05±8.55 1.71±0.22 46.53±0.36 85.32±0.56
Scenedesmus obliquus 160±27.84 17.03±0.88 1.36±0.07 69.58±0.60 88.42±0.40
Scenedesmus sp. LX1 150±13.23 12.75±4.36 0.96±0.33 66.15±1.94 77.93±0.77
Tab.2  Biomass production, lipid contents, lipid productivities and nutrient removal efficiencies of the eight strains in synthetic secondary effluent
Fig.4  (a) (A-F) TEM micrographs of Chlorella sp. HQ under different TN concentrations with initial TP of 1.5 mg·L-1at the early (15 d) and the late stationary phase (30 d)(A: 15 d, N/P= 2/1; B: 15 d, N/P= 8/1; C: 15 d, N/P= 20/1; D: 30 d, N/P= 2/1; E: 30 d, N/P= 8/1; F: 30 d, N/P= 20/1);(b) (A-F) TEM micrographs of Chlorella sp. HQ under different TP concentrations with initial TN of 15.0 mg·L-1at the early (15 d) and the late stationary phase (30 d) (A: 15 d, N/P= 8/1; B: 15 d, N/P= 20/1; C: 15 d, N/P= 50/1; D: 30 d, N/P= 8/1; E: 30 d, N/P= 20/1; F: 30 d, N/P= 50/1)(Ch-Chlorophyll, N-Nucleus, L-Lipid droplet)
parameters phase increase or decreasein N-P-depletion phase
N-P-repletion N-P-depletion
biomass productivity 33.22 mg?L-1·d-1 29.03 mg·L-1·d-1 -12.61%
lipid productivity 5.13 mg·L-1·d-1 8.00 mg·L-1·d-1 55.95%
lipid content per dry weight 15.20% 20.80% 36.84%
TP removal efficiencies 98.93% 100.00% 1.08%
TN removal efficiencies 93.13% 95.20% 2.22%
Tab.3  Lipid production and nutrient removal efficiencies of Chlorella sp. HQ under two-phase cultivation
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