Bacterial inactivation, DNA damage, and faster ATP degradation induced by ultraviolet disinfection

doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1192-6

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2020, Vol. 14

Issue (1) : 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1192-6

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Bacterial inactivation, DNA damage, and faster ATP degradation induced by ultraviolet disinfection

Chao Yang, Wenjun Sun(

), Xiuwei Ao

School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

• Long amplicon is more effective to test DNA damage induced by UV.

• ATP in bacteria does not degrade instantly but does eventually after UV exposure.

• After medium pressure UV exposure, ATP degraded faster.

The efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has been validated in numerous studies by using culture-based methods. However, the discovery of viable but non-culturable bacteria has necessitated the investigation of UV disinfection based on bacterial viability parameters. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to investigate DNA damage and evaluated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to indicate bacterial viability. The results of qPCR effectively showed the DNA damage induced by UV when using longer gene amplicons, in that sufficiently long amplicons of both 16S and gadA indicated that the UV induced DNA damages. The copy concentrations of the long amplicons of 16S and gadA decreased by 2.38 log/mL and 1.88 log/mL, respectively, after exposure to 40 mJ/cm² low-pressure UV. After UV exposure, the ATP level in the bacteria did not decrease instantly. Instead it decreased gradually at a rate that was positively related to the UV fluence. For low-pressure UV, this rate of decrease was slow, but for medium pressure UV, this rate of decrease was relatively high when the UV fluence reached 40 mJ/cm². At the same UV fluence, the ATP level in the bacteria decreased at a faster rate after exposure to medium-pressure UV.

Keywords UV disinfection DNA damage qPCR ATP

Corresponding Author(s): Wenjun Sun

Issue Date: 15 November 2019

Cite this article:

Chao Yang,Wenjun Sun,Xiuwei Ao. Bacterial inactivation, DNA damage, and faster ATP degradation induced by ultraviolet disinfection[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 13.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1192-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I1/13

Tab.1 The amplified target genes and the primers used in this study

Fig.1 UV response curves of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Fig.2 Copy numbers of long and short gene amplicons in Escherichia coli after low pressure UV irradiation based on qPCR. (a) 16S; (b) gadA.

Fig.3 Effects of LPUV and MPUV irradiation on ATP levels of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Fig.4 Natural degradation of pure ATP samples and the ATP in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Fig.5 LPUV-induced additional degradation of ATP in (a) Escherichia coli and (b) Staphylococcus aureus

Fig.6 MPUV-induced additional degradation of ATP in (a) Escherichia coli and (b) Staphylococcus aureus.

Tab.2 The fitted exponential degradation model ke⁻^Δ^l^T of ATP(X, T)/ATP(0, T)(%) for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under different LPUV and MPUV fluences

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