1. Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; 2. NLPR-LIAMA, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 3. College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Creating realistic 3D tree models in a convenient way is a challenge in game design and movie making due to diversification and occlusion of tree structures. Current sketch-based and image-based approaches for fast tree modeling have limitations in effect and speed, and they generally include complex parameter adjustment, which brings difficulties to novices. In this paper, we present a simple method for quickly generating various 3D tree models from freehand sketches without parameter adjustment. On two input images, the user draws strokes representing the main branches and crown silhouettes of a tree. The system automatically produces a 3D tree at high speed. First, two 2D skeletons are built from strokes, and a 3D tree structure resembling the input sketches is built by branch retrieval from the 2D skeletons. Small branches are generated within the sketched 2D crown silhouettes based on self-similarity and angle restriction. This system is demonstrated on a variety of examples. It maintains the main features of a tree: the main branch structure and crown shape, and can be used as a convenient tool for tree simulation and design.
. Easy modeling of realistic trees from freehand sketches[J]. Frontiers of Computer Science, 2012, 6(6): 756-768.
Jia LIU, Zhiguo JIANG, Hongjun LI, Xiaopeng ZHANG. Easy modeling of realistic trees from freehand sketches. Front Comput Sci, 2012, 6(6): 756-768.
Neubert B, Franken T, Deussen O. Approximate image-based treemodeling using particle flows. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2007, 26(3): 88 doi: 10.1145/1276377.1276487
2
Tan P, Fang T, Xiao J, Zhao P, Quan L. Single image tree modeling. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2008, 27(5): 108 doi: 10.1145/1409060.1409061
3
Chen X, Neubert B, Xu Y, Deussen O, Kang S. Sketch-based tree modeling using Markov random field. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2008, 27(5): 109 doi: 10.1145/1409060.1409062
4
Prusinkiewicz P, Lindenmayer A, Hanan J. Development models of herbaceous plants for computer imagery purposes. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics , 1988, 22(4): 141-150 doi: 10.1145/378456.378503
5
Prusinkiewicz P, Mücndermann L, Karwowski R, Lane B. The use of positional information in the modeling of plants. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH’01 . 2001, 289-300
6
Reffye d P, Edelin C, Fran?on J, Jaeger M, Puech C. Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics , 1988, 22(4): 151-158
7
Weber J, Penn J. Creation and rendering of realistic trees. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH’95 . 1995, 119-128
8
Lintermann B, Deussen O. Interactive modeling of plants. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications , 1999, 19(1): 56-65 doi: 10.1109/38.736469
9
Shlyakhter I, Rozenoer M, Dorsey J, Teller S. Reconstructing 3D tree models from instrumented photographs. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications , 2001, 21(3): 53-61 doi: 10.1109/38.920627
10
Quan L, Tan P, Zeng G, Yuan L, Wang J, Kang S. Image-based plant modeling. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2006, 25(3): 599-604 doi: 10.1145/1141911.1141929
11
Tan P, Zeng G, Wang J, Kang S, Quan L. Image-based tree modeling. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2007, 26(3): 87 doi: 10.1145/1276377.1276486
12
Lopez L, Ding Y, Yu J. Modeling complex unfoliaged trees from a sparse set of images. Computer Graphics Forum , 2010, 29(7): 2075-2082 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01794.x
13
Livny Y, Pirk S, Cheng Z, Yan F, Deussen O, Cohen-Or D, Chen B. Texture-lobes for tree modelling. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2011, 30(4): 53 doi: 10.1145/2010324.1964948
14
Okabe M, Owada S, Igarash T. Interactive design of botanical trees using freehand sketches and example-based editing. Computer Graphics Forum , 2005, 24(3): 487-496 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2005.00874.x
15
Wither J, Boudon F, Cani M, Godin C. Structure from silhouettes: a new paradigm for fast sketch-based design of trees. Computer Graphics Forum , 2009, 28(2): 541-550 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01394.x
16
Liu J, Zhang X, Li H, Dai M. Creation of tree models from freehand sketches by building 3D skeleton point cloud. Digital Techniques and Systems Entertainment for Education , 2010, 621-632
17
Li C, Deussen O, Song Y, Willis P, Hall P. Modeling and generating moving trees from video. ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2011, 30(6): 127 doi: 10.1145/2070781.2024161
18
Teng C, Chen Y, Hsu W. Constructing a 3D trunk model from two images. Graphical Models , 2007, 69(1): 33-56 doi: 10.1016/j.gmod.2006.06.001
