Using partial evaluation in holistic subgraph search
Peng PENG1, Lei ZOU2(), Zhenqin DU2, Dongyan ZHAO2
1. Big Data Provincial Key Laboratory, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China 2. Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Because of its wide application, the subgraph matching problem has been studied extensively during the past decade. However, most existing solutions assume that a data graph is a vertex/edge-labeled graph (i.e., each vertex/ edge has a simple label). These solutions build structural indices by considering the vertex labels. However, some real graphs contain rich-content vertices such as user profiles in social networks and HTML pages on the World Wide Web. In this study, we consider the problem of subgraph matching using a more general scenario. We build a structural index that does not depend on any vertex content. Based on the index, we design a holistic subgraph matching algorithm that considers the query graph as a whole and finds one match at a time. In order to further improve efficiency, we propose a “partial evaluation and assembly” framework to find subgraph matches over large graphs. Last but not least, our index has light maintenance overhead. Therefore, our method can work well on dynamic graphs. Extensive experiments on real graphs show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Zhang S J, Li S R, Yang J. GADDI: distance index based subgraph matching in biological networks. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Extending Database Technology. 2009, 192–203 https://doi.org/10.1145/1516360.1516384
Stocker M, Seaborne A, Bernstein A, Kiefer C, Reynolds D. SPARQL basic graph pattern optimization using selectivity estimation. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web. 2008, 595–604 https://doi.org/10.1145/1367497.1367578
4
Cohen E, Halperin E, Kaplan H, Zwick U. Reachability and distance queries via 2-hop labels. SIAM Journal on Computing, 2003, 32(5): 1338–1355 https://doi.org/10.1137/S0097539702403098
Jing N, Huang Y W, Rundensteiner E A. Hierarchical encoded path views for path query processing: an optimal model and its performance evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1998, 10(3): 409–432 https://doi.org/10.1109/69.687976
7
Cheng J F, Yu J X. On-line exact shortest distance query processing. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Extending Database Technology. 2009, 481–492 https://doi.org/10.1145/1516360.1516417
8
Wang H X, He H, Yang J, Yu P S, Yu J X. Dual labeling: answering graph reachability queries in constant time. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Data Engineering. 2006, 75
9
Trißl S, Leser U. Fast and practical indexing and querying of very large graphs. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2007, 845–856 https://doi.org/10.1145/1247480.1247573
10
Chen Y J, Chen Y B. An efficient algorithm for answering graph reachability queries. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Data Engineering. 2008, 893–902 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2008.4497498
11
Shasha D, Wang J T L, Giugno R. Algorithmics and applications of tree and graph searching. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGACTSIGMOD- SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems. 2002, 39–52 https://doi.org/10.1145/543613.543620
12
Yan X F, Yu P S, Han J W. Graph indexing: a frequent structure-based approach. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2004, 335–346 https://doi.org/10.1145/1007568.1007607
13
He H H, Singh A K. Graphs-at-a-time: query language and access methods for graph databases. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2008, 405–418 https://doi.org/10.1145/1376616.1376660
14
Zhang S J, Hu M, Yang J. TreePi: a novel graph indexing method. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Data Engineering. 2007, 966–975 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2007.368955
15
Zhao P X, Yu J X, Yu P S. Graph indexing: tree+ delta>= graph. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. 2007, 938–949
16
He H H, Singh A K. Closure-tree: an index structure for graph queries. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Data Engineering. 2006, 38
17
Tian Y Y, Patel J M. TALE: a tool for approximate large graph matching. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Data Engineering. 2008, 963–972 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2008.4497505
18
Zhao P X, Han J W. On graph query optimization in large networks. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2010, 3(1-2): 340–351 https://doi.org/10.14778/1920841.1920887
19
Peng P, Zou L, Chen L, Lin X M, Zhao D Y. Subgraph search over massive disk resident graphs. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management. 2011, 312–321 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22351-8_19
20
Sakr S, Elnikety S, He Y X. G-SPARQL: a hybrid engine for querying large attributed graphs. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 2012, 335–344 https://doi.org/10.1145/2396761.2396806
21
Sun Z, Wang H Z, Wang H X, Shao B, Li J Z. Efficient subgraph matching on billion node graphs. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2012, 5(9): 788–799 https://doi.org/10.14778/2311906.2311907
22
Han W S, Lee J, Lee J H. Turboiso: towards ultrafast and robust subgraph isomorphism search in large graph databases. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2013, 337–348 https://doi.org/10.1145/2463676.2465300
23
Zhu K, Zhang Y, Lin X M, Zhu G P, Wang W. NOVA: a novel and efficient framework for finding subgraph isomorphism mappings in large graphs. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications. 2010, 140–154 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12026-8_13
24
Zou L, Chen L, Özsu M T. DistanceJoin: pattern match query in a large graph database. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2009, 2(1): 886–897 https://doi.org/10.14778/1687627.1687727
25
Yu J X, Zeng X G, Cheng J F. Top-k graph pattern matching over large graphs. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering. 2013, 1033–1044
26
Bruno N, Koudas N, Srivastava D. Holistic twig joins: optimal XML pattern matching. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2002, 310–321 https://doi.org/10.1145/564691.564727
27
Jiang H F, Wang W, Lu H J, Yu J X. Holistic twig joins on indexed XML documents. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. 2003, 273–284 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012722442-8/50032-X
28
Karypis G, Kumar V. Analysis of multilevel graph partitioning. In: Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing. 1995, 29 https://doi.org/10.1145/224170.224229
29
Wang L, Xiao Y H, Shao B, Wang H X. How to partition a billion-node graph. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Data Engineering. 2014, 568–579 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2014.6816682
30
Tretyakov K, Armas-Cervantes A, García-Ba nuelos L, Vilo J, Dumas M. Fast fully dynamic landmark-based estimation of shortest path distances in very large graphs. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 2011, 1785–1794
31
Hoffart J, Suchanek F M, Berberich K, Weikum G. YAGO2: a spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia. Artificial Intelligence, 2013, 194: 28–61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2012.06.001
32
Kim J, Shin H, Han W S, Hong S, Chafi H. Taming subgraph isomorphism for RDF query processing. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2015, 8(11): 1238–1249 https://doi.org/10.14778/2809974.2809985
Cordella L P, Foggia P, Sansone C, Vento M. A (sub) graph isomorphism algorithm for matching large graphs. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2004, 26(10): 1367–1372 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2004.75
35
Peng P, Zou L, Chen L, Lin X M, Zhao D Y. Answering subgraph queries over massive disk resident graphs. World Wide Web: Internet and Web Information Systems, 2016, 19(3): 417–448
36
Lee J, Han W S, Kasperovics R, Lee J H. An in-depth comparison of subgraph isomorphism algorithms in graph databases. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2012, 6(2): 133–144 https://doi.org/10.14778/2535568.2448946
37
Ren X G, Wang J H. Exploiting vertex relationships in speeding up subgraph isomorphism over large graphs. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2015, 8(5): 617–628 https://doi.org/10.14778/2735479.2735493
38
Afrati F N, Fotakis D, Ullman J D. Enumerating subgraph instances using Map-Reduce. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Data Engineering. 2013, 62–73 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2013.6544814
39
Fan W F, Wang X, Wu Y H, Deng D. Distributed graph simulation: impossibility and possibility. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2014, 7(12): 1083–1094 https://doi.org/10.14778/2732977.2732983
40
Fan W F, Li J Z, Ma S, Tang N, Wu Y H, Wu Y P. Graph pattern matching: from intractable to polynomial time. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2010, 3(1): 264–275 https://doi.org/10.14778/1920841.1920878
41
Fan W F, Wang X, Wu Y H. Diversified top-k graph pattern matching. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2013, 6(13): 1510–1521 https://doi.org/10.14778/2536258.2536263
42
Ma S, Cao Y, Huai J P, Wo T Y. Distributed graph pattern matching. In: Proceedings of the 21st World Wide Web Conference. 2012, 949–958 https://doi.org/10.1145/2187836.2187963
43
Khan A, Li N, Yan X F, Guan Z Y, Chakraborty S, Tao S. Neighborhood based fast graph search in large networks. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2011, 901–912 https://doi.org/10.1145/1989323.1989418
44
Buneman P, Cong G, Fan W F, Kementsietsidis A. Using partial evaluation in distributed query evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. 2006, 211–222
45
Cong G, Fan W F, Kementsietsidis A. Distributed query evaluation with performance guarantees. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2007, 509–520 https://doi.org/10.1145/1247480.1247537
46
Cong G, Fan W F, Kementsietsidis A, Li J Z, Liu X M. Partial evaluation for distributed XPath query processing and beyond. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 2012, 37(4): 32 https://doi.org/10.1145/2389241.2389251
47
Fan W F, Wang X, Wu Y H. Performance guarantees for distributed reachability queries. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2012, 5(11): 1304–1315 https://doi.org/10.14778/2350229.2350248