An anonymous authentication and secure data transmission scheme for the Internet of Things based on blockchain

doi:10.1007/s11704-023-2595-x

Frontiers of Computer Science

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (3): 183807 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-023-2595-x

本期目录

An anonymous authentication and secure data transmission scheme for the Internet of Things based on blockchain

Xingxing CHEN¹, Qingfeng CHENG¹, Weidong YANG², Xiangyang LUO^1,³(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou Institute of Information Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
². Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
³. Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou Institute of Information Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China

全文: PDF(12796 KB) HTML

Abstract：

With the widespread use of network infrastructures such as 5G and low-power wide-area networks, a large number of the Internet of Things (IoT) device nodes are connected to the network, generating massive amounts of data. Therefore, it is a great challenge to achieve anonymous authentication of IoT nodes and secure data transmission. At present, blockchain technology is widely used in authentication and s data storage due to its decentralization and immutability. Recently, Fan et al. proposed a secure and efficient blockchain-based IoT authentication and data sharing scheme. We studied it as one of the state-of-the-art protocols and found that this scheme does not consider the resistance to ephemeral secret compromise attacks and the anonymity of IoT nodes. To overcome these security flaws, this paper proposes an enhanced authentication and data transmission scheme, which is verified by formal security proofs and informal security analysis. Furthermore, Scyther is applied to prove the security of the proposed scheme. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the proposed scheme achieves better performance in terms of communication and computational cost compared to other related schemes.

Key words： Internet of Things blockchain authentication data transmission

收稿日期: 2022-09-22 出版日期: 2023-04-17

Corresponding Author(s): Xiangyang LUO

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Computer Science, 2024, 18(3): 183807.
Xingxing CHEN, Qingfeng CHENG, Weidong YANG, Xiangyang LUO. An anonymous authentication and secure data transmission scheme for the Internet of Things based on blockchain. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(3): 183807.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/CN/10.1007/s11704-023-2595-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/CN/Y2024/V18/I3/183807

No.	Notation	Description
1	$p, q$	Large prime numbers
2	$G 1$	An additive cyclic group
3	$G 2$	A Multiplicative cyclic group
4	$P$	A generator of $G 1$
5	$e$	A bilinear mapping $G 1 × G 1 → G 2$
6	$H 1$	A hash function ${0, 1} ∗ → G 1$
7	$H 2$	A hash function ${0, 1} ∗ → Z q ∗$
8	$H 3, H 4$	A hash function ${0, 1} ∗ → {0, 1} l$ , ${0, 1} λ$
9	KGC	Key generation center
10	IoT node	Internet of Things node
11	BS	The base station
12	AS	The application server
13	$I D I o T, I D B S$	The identity of IoT and BS
14	$S I D I o T, S I D B S$	The secret key of IoT node and BS
15	$s$	The secret key of KGC
16	$P p u b$	The public key of KGC
17	$S K$	Session key between IoT node and BS

Tab.1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

$I D I o T$	Height: 0
$I D B S$	Block Size
Timestamp	Nonce
Previous Hash: Null	Hash: $H 2 (E K (M))$

Tab.2

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Tab.3

Notations	Description	Time/ms
$T P$	Bilinear pairing	5.427
$T p m$	Point multiplication	2.165
$T p a$	Point addition	0.013
$T h$	General hash	0.007
$T H$	Hash-to-point	5.493
$T m e$	Modular exponentiation	0.339
$T m m$	Modular multiplication	0.001
$T m i$	Modular inversion	0.042
$T E$	AES-256 encryption	0.000346
$T D$	AES-256 decryption	0.000362

Tab.4

Scheme	Computational cost	Time/ms
[8]	$4 T P + 8 T p m + 2 T p a + 2 T H + 2 T h + T D + T E$	50.054
[28]	$3 T P + 10 T p m + 21 T h$	38.078
[29]	$T P + 10 T p m + 7 T p a + 7 T h$	27.217
[30]	$T P + 9 T p m + 3 T p a + T m e + 10 T h$	25.36
Ours	$T P + 7 T p m + 3 T p a + T m e + T m m + 6 T h + 2 T E + T D$	21.003

Tab.5

Fig.9

Notations	Description	Size/bits
$\| G 1 \|$	Size of elements in $G 1$	1024
$\| G 2 \|$	Size of elements in $G 2$	2048
$\| C s \|$	Size of one symmetric ciphertext	128
$\| Z q ∗ \|$	Size of value in $Z q ∗$	1024
$\| I D \|$	Size of IDs	32
$\| t \|$	Size of timestamps	32

Tab.6

Scheme	Communication cost	Size/bits
[8]	$4 \| G 1 \| + 2 \| C s \| + 2 \| I D \| + 2 \| t \|$	4480
[28]	$6 \| G 1 \| + 9 \| Z q ∗ \| + 5 \| t \|$	15520
[29]	$3 \| G 1 \| + 4 \| Z q ∗ \|$	7168
[30]	$4 \| G 1 \| + 2 \| Z q ∗ \| + \| I D \| + 2 \| t \|$	6260
Ours	$2 \| G 1 \| + 2 \| Z q ∗ \| + 2 \| C s \| + 2 \| t \|$	4416

Tab.7

Fig.10

1	Hasan M. State of IoT-Spring 2022. IOT Analytics, See iot-analytics.com/product/state-of-iot-spring-2022 website, 2022
2	X, Wang Z, Ning X, Hu L, Wang B, Hu J, Cheng V C M Leung . Optimizing content dissemination for real-time traffic management in large-scale internet of vehicle systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2019, 68( 2): 1093–1105
3	J T, Kelly K L, Campbell E, Gong P Scuffham . The internet of things: impact and implications for health care delivery. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2020, 22( 11): e20135
4	H, Zemrane Y, Baddi A Hasbi . Internet of things smart home ecosystem. In: Elhoseny M, Hassanien A E, eds. Emerging Technologies for Connected Internet of Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation System Networks. Cham: Springer, 2020, 101−125
5	N, Miloslavskaya A Tolstoy . Internet of things: information security challenges and solutions. Cluster Computing, 2019, 22( 1): 103–119
6	M A, Khan K Salah . IoT security: review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2018, 82: 395–411
7	D, Fakhri K Mutijarsa . Secure IoT communication using blockchain technology. In: Proceedings of 2018 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD). 2018, 1−6
8	Q, Fan J H, Chen L J, Deborah M Luo . A secure and efficient authentication and data sharing scheme for internet of things based on blockchain. Journal of Systems Architecture, 2021, 117: 102112
9	S G, Liu M, Dibaei Y, Tai C, Chen J, Zhang Y Xiang . Cyber vulnerability intelligence for internet of things binary. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2020, 16( 3): 2154–2163
10	Z, Xu C, Xu H, Chen F Yang . A lightweight anonymous mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for WBAN. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2019, 31( 14): e5295
11	B A, Alzahrani A, Irshad A, Albeshri K Alsubhi . A provably secure and lightweight patient-healthcare authentication protocol in wireless body area networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 2021, 117( 1): 47–69
12	H, Adavoudi-Jolfaei M, Ashouri-Talouki S F Aghili . Lightweight and anonymous three-factor authentication and access control scheme for real-time applications in wireless sensor networks. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 2019, 12( 1): 43–59
13	P, Gope T Hwang . A realistic lightweight anonymous authentication protocol for securing real-time application data access in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2016, 63( 11): 7124–7132
14	P, Kumar L Chouhan . A secure authentication scheme for IoT application in smart home. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 2021, 14( 1): 420–438
15	B, Bera A, Vangala A K, Das P, Lorenz M K Khan . Private blockchain-envisioned drones-assisted authentication scheme in IoT-enabled agricultural environment. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 2022, 80: 103567
16	T, Islam R A, Youki B R, Chowdhury A S M T Hasan . An ECC based secure communication protocol for resource constraints IoT devices in smart home. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Big Data, IoT, and Machine Learning. 2022, 431−444
17	S S, Panda D, Jena B K, Mohanta S, Ramasubbareddy M, Daneshmand A H Gandomi . Authentication and key management in distributed IoT using blockchain technology. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 8( 16): 12947–12954
18	N Kshetri . Can blockchain strengthen the internet of things?. IT Professional, 2017, 19( 4): 68–72
19	Z, Cui F, Xue S, Zhang X, Cai Y, Cao W, Zhang J Chen . A hybrid blockchain-based identity authentication scheme for multi-WSN. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 2020, 13( 2): 241–251
20	U, Khalid M, Asim T, Baker P C K, Hung M A, Tariq L Rafferty . A decentralized lightweight blockchain-based authentication mechanism for IoT systems. Cluster Computing, 2020, 23( 3): 2067–2087
21	X, Yang X, Yang X, Yi I, Khalil X, Zhou D, He X, Huang S Nepal . Blockchain-based secure and lightweight authentication for internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9( 5): 3321–3332
22	K Y, Choi J Y, Hwang D H, Lee I S Seo . ID-based authenticated key agreement for low-power mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the 10th Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy. 2005, 494−505
23	Z, Guo Y, Ni W S, Wong L Shi . Time synchronization attack and countermeasure for multisystem scheduling in remote estimation. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2021, 66( 2): 916–923
24	N, Tabassum D D, Geetha R C Biradar . Joint position estimation and synchronization of clocks in WSN. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. 2022, 409−418
25	D, Pointcheval J Stern . Security arguments for digital signatures and blind signatures. Journal of Cryptology, 2000, 13( 3): 361–396
26	C J F Cremers . The scyther tool: verification, falsification, and analysis of security protocols. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification. 2008, 414−418
27	Lowe G. A hierarchy of authentication specifications. In: Proceedings of the 10th Computer Security Foundations Workshop. 1997, 31−43
28	Wu T Y, Wang T, Lee Y Q, Zheng W, Kumari S, Kumar S. Improved authenticated key agreement scheme for fog-driven IoT healthcare system. Security and Communication Networks , 2021, 2021, 1−16
29	Y, Li Q, Cheng X, Liu X Li . A secure anonymous identity-based scheme in new authentication architecture for mobile edge computing. IEEE Systems Journal, 2021, 15( 1): 935–946
30	Jia X, He D, Kumar N, Choo K K R A provably secure and efficient identity-based anonymous authentication scheme for mobile edge computing. IEEE Systems Journal, 2020, 14(1): 560−571

[1]

FCS-22595-OF-XC_suppl_1

Download

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed